Chapter 3- Genetics

Plasma Membrane

Biphospholipid membrane

-phospholipids -cholesterol. -glycolipid

Integral proteins

The protein is through the whole membrane

Peripheral proteins

Proteins that is only on the top of the membrane

Receptors

Recognition sites for a specific type of molecule

Enzymes

Integral protein that catalyze reactions (speeds up reactions without being used in the reaction

Selectively permeable

The membrane is

Concentration gradient

Difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another

Physoiological changes

This happened when the cell polarization changes

Transmembrane protein

Protein is in between the phospholipids membrane

Ion channels

-started by motor neuron

Allow ions to go in/out the cell

Insulin

Hormon that control the glucose in the bloodstream, stores glucose, fats, muscle and help regulate the metabolism \

Passive transport

Goes TOWARDS or along WITH the concentration gradient which doesn’t require ATP/energy

Active transport

Goes AGAINST the concentration gradient and does require ATP/energy

Diffusion

Is passive, goes from a high kinetic energy into a lower energy concentration towards equilibrium

Osmosis

Is passive, net movement with water through a selectively permeable membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Is passive but with the help of a transporter

Active transport

Against the CG and use ATP - Na/K ATP ase Pump

Macrophages

Phagocytes (endocytosis) baratería and destroys it

Exocytosis

Goes from in to outside the cell

Endocytosis

Goes from out to inside the cell

Phagocytosis

A endocytosis with large molecules

Pinocytosis

A endocytosis with fluid

Mamalian cell

Regular cell

Intermediate filaments

Provide support to the cell

Ribosomes

Makes protein by transcription and translation

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Have ribosomes to make protein

Nucleolus

Contain ribosomes

Nucleus

Contains. DNA, has double membrane, has a nuclear envelop with lets things go in and out

Central Dogma of Molecular biology

DNA - RNA - Protein

Golgi apparatus

Package and modified, place things into transport, activate things by changing its shape

Peroxisome

Neutralize cell Hydrogen provide (H2O2), takes H2O2 into H2O

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Makes lipids

Lysosome

An enzyme that breaks down waste, makes monomer, help decomposed

Mitochondria

Produce ATP by cell respiration

Transcription

DNA-RNA

Translation

RNA-Protein

Deletion

A frame shift where it delete an AA and shirt the code

Addition

Frame shift where it add and sift

Substitution

Frame shift where it replace a letter with a letter

Illness/death

Example is sickle cell , a mutation where one letter is wrong

Silent

Mutation where it still codes for the same protein

Evolution

Mutation where the of AA make it better

Apoptosis

Cell death

Mitotic phase

Develop 2 daughters cells

Mitosis

cell division with somatic cell

Meiosis

cell division in sexually reproduction

Chromatin

Strain of protein (the material)

Chromatid

Half of a chromosome

Chromosome

Long DNA molecules that contains Histones

Centromere

Middle of chromosomes that helps during mitosis or meiosis

Interphase

Where cells are 90%, DNA are in the form of threadlike chromatin

Prophase

Where nucleus starts to break down, chromosomes are condensed

Metaphase

Real ease spindle fibers, fibers attached to the kinetic horse protein/cedntrofibers , chromosomes are lined up on the middle

Anaphase

Chromosomes turn into chromatic, chromosomes are separated

Telophase

The nuclear envelope is reforming, the cell is not separating yet

Cytokinesis

Division of two daughter cell is completed

Karyotype

Pic of chromosomes

Cosmetic diversity/ Genetic diversity

Keeps the species alive, happened due to crossover

Homologous chromosomes

Each pair of chromosomes have the same gene location

Recombinant chromatids

Name of the chromosomes after cross over

Genotype

The combination of genes for one or more specific traits

Phenotype

An appearance or other detectable characteristics

Allele

One of the alternative forms of a gene that govern for a certain characteristic

Homozygous

Traits that is form from two of the same alleles

Heterozygous

Trait that is formed from a recessive and dominant allele

Haploid

Has 23 chromosomes, are eggs and sperms `

Diploid

Organism that has pared chromosomes which it’s one form each parernts

Autosomal chromosomes

Any chromosomes that is not a sex chromosomes

Sex chromosomes

Chromosomes involve with determining the sex of an organism 1

Complete dominance

A traits over shadows everything else

Incomplete dominance

Both traits mixes together and makes a new trait

Co dominance

Blood type, Both traits are expressed equally

X linked

Genes on the x genes (female)

Nondisjunction

Accident of meiosis or mitosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate

Hemophilia

Usually happens to boys where they can clot their blood