Antebellum Period and Jackson's Presidency
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74 Terms
Who were the three main people who contributed to the Industrial Revolution?
Eli Whitney, Sam Slater, Francis Lowell
Eli Whitney invented the…
cotton gin
Eli Whitney came up with the idea of interchangeable parts. What does this mean, and what did it lead to?
Interchangeable parts are objects, like screws or ammunition, with standardized/universal sizes which can be used in multiple machines or guns. This led to mass production in factories.
Sam Slater snuck into Britain factories to steal…
factory plans (and bring them back to the U.S.)
Francis Lowell created the first _____ that integrated all the steps of cotton production, from raw cotton to finished cloth, under one roof.
factory
The Industrial Revolution increased the number of day laborers and moved the U.S. away from an agrarian economy to an industrial. However, factories were often criticized for being…
unsafe and with poor working conditions
Day laborer definition
People who work for a daily pay
In the Antebellum Period, sectionalism started to arise between the North and South, so Henry Clay encourages nationalism through the…
American System
John Calhoun was Jackson’s…
vice president
Calhoun resigned from vice president before Jackson’s reelection (True/False).
True
American System definition
The movement to create tariffs which fund roads and bridges to unite the North and South
Sectionalism definition
Regional differences/divisions between North and South
Is the American System passed by Congress?
No (poor states argue that only the rich states will get infrastructure but the poor states have to pay to fund the infrastructure anyway)
How did Henry Clay contribute to the Missouri Compromise?
Clay proposed accepting Maine as a free state to balance free/slave state representation in Congress and debates skillfully, earning him the nickname “the Great Compromiser”
How did Henry Clay help resolve the Nullification Crisis?
He proposed and helped pass the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which gradually reduced the Tariff of Abominations to ease tensions with SC.
Who became some of Jackson’s political enemies?
John Calhoun, Henry Clay, Nicholas Biddle
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster formed the _____ Party opposing Jackson.
Whig
What was the decision of McCulloch v. Maryland?
States do not have the power to tax federal entities like the national bank. (John Marshall says “the power to tax is the power to destroy“)
Missouri Controversy year we need to know
1820
What causes the Missouri Controversy?
There is an equal number of slave states and free states, but Missouri might break that balance if it joins as a slave state (unequal representation of pro-/anti- slavery in the Senate)
List the following events in order:
Missouri Controversy
2nd National Bank is chartered
McCulloch v. Maryland
231
Sunset clause definition
A clause that states a law will expire after a certain amount of years if not renewed by Congress before that amount of years
Why is it important for laws to have a sunset clause?
Future court cases/decisions might abuse old and irrelevant laws
To maintain balance of free/slave states with Missouri, which state joins the Union?
Maine
What was the main solution to the Missouri Controversy stated in the Missouri Compromise?
A geographical line is drawn to separate free from slave states
Jefferson warns that the Missouri Compromise is only a temporary solution (“reprieve”) to the bigger problem of…
sectionalism (slave vs free states)
The Federalist party dies because…
The War of 1812 is won just as they oppose the war and try to make constitutional amendments (sets the stage for 2nd party system once divisions arise again)
The Federalists believe the Constitution favors the South because of the…
Virginia Dynasty (four of the first five presidents were from Virginia)
Jackson is in a 4-way tie for president. Who and who are his important enemies?
John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay
Corrupt bargain definition (according to Jackson)
John Quincy Adams rewards Henry Clay for his support in the presidential tie by appointing him secretary of state
The “corrupt bargain” criticized by Jackson is ironic because…
he does the same thing (appoints government positions by political support, not by qualification/experience in that job)
Spoils system definition
Appointing government positions by political support, not by qualification/experience in that job
List the major U.S. problems/successes Jackson is associated with.
Native removal (Indian Removal Act of 1830)
2nd National Bank removal
Nullification Crisis of 1832
National debt completely paid off
In the same way that the American Colonization Society wanted to deport African Americans to Africa, Jackson wants to…
expatriate Native Americans
List the following events in order:
Nullification Crisis
Jackson’s (first) election
Trail of Tears
Era of Good Feelings
4213
Direct campaigning definition
Going to conventions and cities to talk to people directly to campaign for president (Jackson was the first candidate to do so)
Annex definition
Take land legally
What was the main decision in Worcester v. Georgia?
States cannot annex (take) land from the Cherokee (decided by John Marshall)
Although the Supreme Court rules in favor of Worcester, Jackson decides to…
ignore the decision and not enforce the protection of Native lands
The Nullification Crisis of 1832 was caused by…
a high-wall tariff (the “Tariff of Abominations”) passed by Congress
John Calhoun writes an _____ _____ to oppose the Tariff of Abominations and promote nullification, just like Jefferson.
anonymous pamphlet
The Kentucky/Virginia resolutions, the Hartford Convention, and the Nullification Crisis of 1832 are all similar because…
Threats are made to secede from the union if the power to nullify is not granted to the states
Who started the Nullification Crisis of 1832 in which state?
John Calhoun in South Carolina
In response to the Nullification Crisis of 1832, Jackson passes the…
Force Bill/Act (to enforce South Carolina to comply with tariffs using federal troops)
How was the Nullification Crisis of 1832 settled?
South Carolina repealed its Nullification Bill but nullified the Force Bill
Congress lowered the Tariff of Abominations
Jackson doesn’t necessarily want to become a presidential candidate, but the people want him to because he is a…
war hero
Jacksonian Democracy definition
a government by the common people for the common people (Jackson portrays himself as a common man)
Why does Jackson want to get rid of paper money and the 2nd National Bank?
Paper money value can inflate by just printing more money
Private investors, who participate in the management of the bank, don’t share the interests of the common people
Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle want to renew the 2nd National Bank to embarrass Jackson, but Jackson…
vetoes the re-charter act
Eli Whitney contributed to sectionalism because…
interchangeable parts caused growth in the North’s industry, while the cotton gin caused more demand for slavery in the South, so regional differences between the North and South increased.
The Missouri Compromise contributed to sectionalism because…
debate between the North and South increased, and the drawing of a line between the North and South highlighted their differences in opinions.
Strikes and labor unions began to form because of…
bad working conditions, mainly in northern factories
What are some examples of bad working conditions in northern factories?
Little to no windows, heat builds up inside, hair getting stuck in machinery
The North favored high-wall tariffs because…
they encouraged Americans to buy domestic manufactured goods instead of international
High-wall tariffs hurt the South because…
the South was an agrarian economy, so it had to buy manufactured goods from elsewhere, and high-wall tariffs forced high prices on international goods
Jacksonian Democracy promoted the idea that all white men, regardless of the _____ they owned, should be allowed to vote, which caused states to remove _____ _____.
property, property requirements
When Jackson threatened to use force (federal troops) to silence secession ideas in South Carolina, Congress backed him up by…
passing the Force Bill/Act
Calhoun’s pamphlet on secession causes the South Carolina state legislature to vote for _____
secession
John Quincy Adams is a lame duck because he lost the _____ elections. Congress further embarrasses him by passing the _____ __ _____.
midterm, Tariff of Abominations
Why did the Tariff of Abominations hurt John Quincy Adams’s reputation?
Even though he didn’t endorse it, he signed it, so many southerners were mad at him
What was the Great Debate about?
Many topics about sectionalism vs nationalism, mainly about protective tariffs like the Tariff of Abominations (its benefits for the North vs. its challenges for the South)
Who were the two main debaters in the Great Debate?
Robert Hayne (sectionalist) and Daniel Webster (nationalist)
John Calhoun mainly contributed to: (nationalism/sectionalism)
sectionalism
Protective tariff definition
A tariff placed on imported goods from other countries to make international goods more expensive and to encourage domestic buying of goods in order to grow the U.S. industry/economy (examples: Tariff of 1816, Tariff of Abominations)
What was the Tariff of 1816?
Part of the tariff policy, a protective tariff used to promote buying of goods domestically to grow the U.S. economy
Who helped pass the Tariff of Abominations through Congress?
Jacksonians (supporters of Jackson)
South Carolina nullified the…
Tariff of Abominations
Tariff of Abominations year
1828
Jackson and his vice president, Calhoun, go to a dinner for Jefferson Day. Calhoun gives a talk on how a state has the right to nullify federal laws that state deems unconstitutional. Calhoun believes Jackson will agree, but Jackson…
“slaps him down” by criticizing Calhoun’s idea (Jackson is more of a nationalist than Calhoun)
Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act of _____, which forced Native Americans to walk the _____ __ _____.
1830, Trail of Tears
Worcester v. Georgia declared laws like the Indian Removal Act of 1830 unconstitutional. How did Jackson respond? (Quote)
“John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” (Jackson ignores the decision)
Roger Taney is appointed as Secretary of the Treasury by Jackson because…
Taney supported Jackson when running for president (quid pro quo: if you support me, I’ll make you secretary)
To get rid of the National Bank, Jackson and Taney (treasurer at the time) transfer all National Bank money to state banks. These state banks were nicknamed…
pet banks
Remember to check documents/letters/primary sources handed out in class! (Good/bad idea?)
Good