Vaccinations for Horses

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90 Terms

1

What is the goal of the AAEP in reference to vaccinations?

To improve health and welfare of the horse……

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2

List core vx for equines.

  • Tetanus

  • Encephalomyelitis (Western & Eastern)

  • West Nile Virus

  • Rabies

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3

List the non-core vx for equines.

  • Influenza***

  • Rhinopneumonitis***

  • Strangles

  • Potomac Horse Fever (Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis)

  • Leptospirosis

  • Equine Viral Arteritis

  • Rotavirus Diarrhea

  • Botulism

  • Anthrax

  • Snake Bite

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4

What two non-core vx are more prevalent?

  • Influenza

  • Rhinopneumonitis

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5

What bacteria is tetanus caused by?

Clostridium tetani

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6

Where is Clostridium normally found?

  • Intestinal tract of animals

  • soil

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7

How does Clostridium tetani enter the body?

Spores enter the body through:

  • wounds

  • lacerations

  • umbilicus of newborn foals

  • reproductive tract of postpartum mares

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8

When should you booster for tetani?

If a horse develops a wound 6 months after last vx.

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9

What are the clinical signs of Tetanus?

  • muscle rigid and stiff (from head to tail)

  • flared nostrils

  • hypersensitivity

  • prolapsed third eyelid

  • progresses to stiff jaw (no eating or drinking)

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10

What is the nickname for Tetanus?

lock jaw

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11

What is the scientific name for sleeping sickness?

Encephalomyelitis

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12

How is sleeping sickness transmitted?

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13

What are the 3 types of Sleeping Sickness? Briefly describe each.

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14

What is the most common sleeping sickness outbreak?

Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis

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15

What circumstances should sleeping sickness be given?

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16

What is FAD?

  • fever

  • anorexia

  • depressed

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17

What are the clinical signs of sleeping sickness?

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18

What is West Nile Virus caused by?

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19

What bodily system does West Nile Virus effect the most?

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20

How long does protection for West Nile Virus vx last?

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21

How many cases have been reported in the US for WNV in horses?

more than 25,000 cases

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22

For the horses that survive that acute illness of WNV, how long can residual side effects last?

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23

What ages of horses seem more susceptible to WNV?

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24

What is the West Nile Virus life cycle?

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25

List the clinical signs of West Nile Virus.

  • fever

  • depression & loss of appetite

  • muscle tremors

  • hypersensitivity of skin

  • decreased coordination and staggering

  • down horse/paralysis

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26

How does a horse become exposed to rabies?

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27

Does rabies need a booster?

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28

What are the clinical signs of rabies?

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29

What is the most common infectious respiratory disease in the horse?

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30

What is the scientific name for equine influenza?

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31

How is influenza spread?

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32

What age of horses are more susceptible to influenza?

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33

How long does the influenza vx provide protection for?

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34

What route of administration can influenza vx be given as?

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35

Does IM or IN vx for influenza have longer-lasting protection? Which one should NOT be given to pregnant mares?

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36

What is the death rate for influenza?

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37

What are the clinical signs of influenza?

  • fever

  • depression & loss of appetite

  • cough

  • nasal discharge (usually watery)

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38

What are the two strains of Rhinopneumonitis?

  1. EHV-1: causes respiratory dx, reproductive dx, & neurological dx

  2. EHV-4: causes respiratory dx

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39

What does Rhino virus cause that has no treatment, only supportive therapy?

Herpes virus

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40

What is the route of transmission with Rhino virus?

  • aerosolized secretions

  • fomites

  • infected aborted fetal material

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41

Which groups of horses are primarily affected by Rhino virus?

  • under 4yrs

  • breeding farms

  • contact w/ bred mares

  • “high traffic” horses - rodeo/show

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42

How often does Rhino virus need a booster?

6 months

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43

List the clinical signs of Rhino virus (respiratory dx).

  • fever

  • depression/loss of appetite

  • nasal discharge (starts watery → progresses to think & yellow)

Almost identical to flu

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44

What is the leading cause of abortions in mares?

Herpes → Rhino virus (reproductive dx)

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45

List the clinical signs of Rhino virus (Reproductive dx).

  • no clinical signs → all genders can be carriers

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46

What version of Rhino virus does the vx not provide good protection for?

neurological version

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47

List the clinical signs of Rhino virus (Neurologic dx).

  • typically begins as respiratory dx for 1-2 wks

  • hind end weakness

  • incoordination & staggering

  • toe-dragging

  • unable to pass urine or feces

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48

What bacteria is Strangles caused by?

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49

What is strangles also known as?

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50

What is the route of transmission for Strangles?

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51

What group of horses is primary susceptible?

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52

What is the primary source of recurrent infections of Strangles?

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53

What can Strangles lead to?

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54

What are the two forms of available Strangle vx?

  1. Intranasal: modified live, rx only, requires careful handling

  2. Intramuscular: can only decrease severity of dx, inj site rxn almost obsolete

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55

List the clinical signs of Strangles.

  • fever

  • depression/loss of appetite

  • difficulty eating

  • perlite discharge from nose

  • cough

  • swollen lymph nodes (submandibular)

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56

List the 5 vx recommendations of Strangles.

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57

What is the scientific name for Potomac Horse Fever?

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58

What bacteria causes Potomac Horse Fever?

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59

What is the route of transmission for Potomac Fever?

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60

Why is protection from Potomac Horse Fever debatable?

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61

List the clinical signs of Potomac Horse Fever.

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62

What is Leptospirosis?

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63

What type of Leptospirosis is commonly found in dx horses in the usa?

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64

How is Leptospirosis causes?

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65

What are other ways that Lepto can be transmitted by?

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66

Since Herpes virus is very common, what does Rhino Virus do?

Decreases the shedding → does not prevent herpes

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67

What is the duration of immune protection of a Lepto vx?

unknown

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68

Why is Leptospirosis a sporadic dx?

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69

List the clinical signs of Leptospirosis.

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70

Why is it hard to ID for carries of Strangles?

Must draw blood when actively shedding, however that is sporadic.

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71

What is the scientific name for Botulism?

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72

What is the route of transmission for Botulism?

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73

What are the four forms of Botulism?

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74

How many lymph nodes to horses have?

over 8,000

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75

How does bastard strangles develop?

Strangles that have taken over any lymph nodes.

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76

What is anthrax?

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77

What is the route of transmission for anthrax?

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78

Is there an anthrax vx for equines?

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79

Why should anthrax be proceeded with caution?

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80

What vx can be used for snake bites?

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81

List the clinical signs of a snake bite.

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82

How is Lyme’s dx transmitted?

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83

What can induce Lyme’s dx?

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84

List the often subtle clinical signs of Lyme’s dx.

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85

What is the tx and diagnosis of Lyme’s dx?

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86

Is there a Lyme’s dx vx for equines?

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87

What does a general vx program look like for adult horses?

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88

List the core-vxs.

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89

What are the highly recommended non-core vxs for horses that travel/in contact with horses?

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90

What is a vx protocol for a horse that has an unknown vx hx?

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