Sport psychology 2

What is a group

Two or more people sharing an identity and working towards a common goal

What is social loafing

Loss of individual effort in a group due to lack of motivation

Factors affecting cohesive team

Environmental factors such as location contributes to team cohesion by creating common environment

Style of.leadership as it affects relationship with members

Personal factors - motivation and personalities

The extent to which players towards a shared goal

Cooperation between team members

Size of group as that can lead to social loafing

What is the ringlemann effect

The decrease in contribution of individuals as group size increases- athletes believe others will compensate for their efforts

What is Steiners group productivity theory

Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes

What is social loafing theory

Loss of individual effort in a group due to lack of motivation

What is Weinburgs cohesion theory

Task cohesion - how committed teammates are to achieving pre - determined goal

Social cohesion - how much team members enjoy being together

What is Carrons conceptual model of cohesion

4 factors affecting a cohesive team

Environmental (group size, time, facilities, age)

Personal (motivation, personality, ability)

Leadership (behaviour, personality, relationship to the group)

Team factors (nature of task, team ability)

What is Tuckman’s Theory (group development)

Forming (lack clarity)

Storming (problem solving)

Norming (clarity of purpose)

Performing (motivation and pride)

What is a goal

An object or aim for an individual

What is Goal setting

The system of specifying long term performance targets and short term objectives and methods to achieve these

What are the SMART(ER) targets

Specific - should be specific to what athlete is trying to achieve

Measurable - the goal is measurable allowing progress to be determined

Achievable - is it possible to achieve your goal in the circumstances

Recorded - The goal is measured and tracked

Time bound - should be a time that goal should be completed in

Evaluate - athlete should see if goal should be adjusted

Realistic - goal must be achieved but still challenging

What are the types of goals

Short term, medium term, long term which can be used for microcycles, mesocycles, and macro cycles

Realistic and aspirational goals - what is possible for you to achieve, what would be your dream to achieve

outcome goals, performance goals process goals - did you win/lose, did you perform well, did you have improvements in technique

Subjective goals, objective goals - going out and trying your best, or having a goal based on your performance

What is attribution

Process of giving reasons for behaviour and assigning causes of events

What is learned helplessness

Mental state that is caused by failure and lack of success

What is attribution re- training

The coach changing an individuals perception on failure so it doesn’t impact future performance

What is weiners attribution theory

2 dimensions:

Locus of causality (internal + external) - something to do with the performer + something to do with an outside source

Locus of stability (stable + unstable)

Something that is unchangeable

Something that is changeable

Internal stable - refers to ability of performer

External stable - refers to task difficulty

Internal unstable - refers to the effort of the performer

External unstable - refers to Luck

What is self confidence

The level of trust an individual has in their own ability

What is self efficacy

Confidence in specific situations

What is self concept -

The way an individual views themselves based on perception of actions and how others see them

what is the humanist approach of self concept

1. Perceived self - view you have on yourself

2. Ideal self - what you wish you were really like

3. Self esteem/ self worth - how much value you place on yourself

What is vealeys model of sport specific confidence

Self confidence trait (SC- trait) = consistent personality trait, how confident you are in your abilities in general

Self confidence state (SC - state) how confident you feel in that situation right then

Competitive orientation - expectation of success, opportunity to achieve a performance goal

3 factors that improve self efficacy

Personality -introvert/extrovert, type a/ b personality, state/trait anxiety

Situation - task difficulty, weather, luck, audience, importance of event

History - previous performance success, stage of learning: cognitive, associative, autonomous, experience as a performer

4 main factors of banduras model of self efficacy

Past experiences/performance accomplishments - success leads to high levels of confidence

Vicarious experiences - watching others perform a task increases confidence

Verbal persuasion - encouragement from coach/ other develops confidence

Optimal arousal - correct level of arousal builds confidence

What is leadership

Behavioural process influencing individuals and groups towards goals

Effective leader qualities

Good communication

Motivation

Enthusiasm

Being good at sport or having good knowledge of the sport

Clear vision of goal needed to be achieved

What are emergent leaders

What are prescribed leaders

Emergent = leaders that come from within the team, they are skilful and selected by the team

Prescribed = leaders that are appointed by an external source

Advantages and disadvantages of an emergent leader

Advantage = can win hearts and minds of teammates

Disadvantage = may have friendships in team group which can affect judgement

Advantage and disadvantage of prescribed leaders

Advantage = could add creativity, carry more authority and power

Disadvantages- not work on friendships, this might delay decision making

What are the three leadership styles

autocratic - are task orientated and are dictatorial. They make most of the decisions and tend to be demanding and commanding, they show little interest in individuals of the group.

Democratic - person orientated and value views of others in the group, tend to share decisions and show interest of individuals in the group.

Laissez faire - makes very few decisions and gives little feedback allowing members to do as they wish

3 theories of how leaders are created

Trait theory

Social learning theory

interactionalist approach

What is Fielders contingency model of leadership

Involves task orientated (autocratic leader) and person orientated (democratic leader)

If favourableness is high or low then a task orientated leader is required. Eg: highly unfavourable situation, bus is stuck in traffic and team are late for a sports competition a task orientated leader is to sort out team quickly. Eg: highly favourable - team has arrived early in competition task orientated leader is required to go through tactics and strategies

If favourableness is moderate a person orientated leader is required , team is on time might be missing a few players a person orientated leader tells people they have to play in less preferred positions but still trying to keep them happy.

What is Chelladurai’s Multi - Dimensional model of leadership