Subdivision Teleostei

Subdivision Teleostei

largest group of ray-finned fishes, comprising about 96% of all living fish species

-Branchiostegal rays

-Homocercal caudal fin

-Pectorals high on sides of body

-Pelvic fins lower and below pectorals

-Mobile premaxilla

Leptocephalus Larvae

Cohort Elopomorpha

Long, filamentous, translucent larvae of eels and other species in Elopomorpha

-Can coil up to look like jellyfish to deter predators

-teeth on parasphenoid

Order Elopiformes

Subdivision Elopomorpha

Tarpons and Ladyfishes

-Highly fecund: 12 million eggs

-Retain primitive gular plate

-Many branchiostegal rays (gill membrane support)

-Well developed forked caudal fin

Order Albuliformes

Subdivision Elopomorpha

Bonefishes

-Inferior mouth, small

-Gular plate

Order Notacanthiformes

Subdivision Elopomorpha

spiny eels

-Long anal fin w/ many spines

-Some w/ large leptocephalus larvae (larger than adults)

Order Anguilliformes

Subdivision Elopomorpha

true eels

-Pelvic fins and girdle absent

-Anguilliform body shape

-Narrow gill openings

-No gill rakers

-caudal fin small and round

Order Hiodontiformes

Cohort Osteoglossomorpha

Mooneyes

-Tubular nasals, strongly curved

-Opercle w/ recurved process

Order Osteoglossiformes

Cohort Osteoglossomorpha

bonytongues

-Tooth plate on tongue

-premaxilla fixed to skull

-intestine lies left to stomach

Cohort Otocephala

Many Otophysic (hearing) connection between gas bladder and inner ear in most members

Order Clupeiformes

Superorder Clupeomorpha

Cohort otocephala

Herrings, herring like fishes, shads, sardines, menhadens, anchovies

-Otophysic gas bladder

-Most abundant fishes in world

-keel like bellies w/ scutes

Order Alepocephaliformes

Superorder Alepocephali

Cohort Otocephala

Slickhead and tubeshoulders

-Dorsal fin way back

-no gas bladder

-large mouth

Superorder ostariophysi

Series Otophysi

Cohort Otocephala

Fish of this superorder have....

-Weberian apparatus

-Schreckstoff (alarm scent)

-Otophysic gas bladder

-Physostomous gas bladder

-Unculi/ keratinous nuptial tubercles in breeding males

Order Gonorynchiformes

Series Anotophysi

Superorder Ostariophysi

Milkfish

-first 3 vertebrae modified and represents weberian apparatus (primitive weberian apparatus)

-Suprabranchial organ

Series Otophysi

Fish of this series have.....

-weberian apparatus

-tubercles in breeding males

-pharyngeal teeth

Order Cypriniformes

Series Otophysi

Superorder Ostariophysi

Minnows, Carp, Suckers

-Kinethmoid mediated premaxilla protrusion

-Protrusible upper jaw

-No teeth on oral jaw

Order Characiformes

Series Otophysi

Superorder Ostariophysi

characins, tetras, piranhas, pacus, silver dollars

-Upper jaw non protrusible

-jaw teeth

-body scaled

Order Siluriformes

Series Otophysi

Superorder Ostariophysi

catfish

-Barbels 1 to 4 pairs

-spine like rays

-no scales

-External, internal, buccal fertilization

Order Gymnotiformes

Series Otophysi

Superorder Ostariophysi

American knifefishes and electric eels

-All electric producing

-no dorsal or pelvic fins

-long anal fin, undulatory

Cohort Euteleostei

Subdivision Teleostei

This cohort consists of

-2/3 of teleosts

Order Lepidogalaxiiformes

Cohort Euteleostei

Salamanderfish

-bend its neck

-no eye muscles

-internal fertilization

Superorder Protacanthopterygii

Cohort Euteleostei

Subdivision Teleostei

-Fins in primitive state (dorsal and anal fins short, inserted far back. low pectorals. abdominal pelvics)

-No spines

-Cycloid scales

-Physostomous gas bladder

Order Salmoniformes

Superorder Protacanthopterygii

Cohort Euteleostei

Salmon and trouts

-Pelvic axillary process (fill the angle between fin and body to ain in streamlining)

-last 3 vertebrae turned upward

-Freshwater and anadromous

Order Esociformes

Superorder Protacanthopterygii

Cohort Euteleostei

Pike, pickerel, mudminnows

-Toothless maxilla

-Sagittiform

-Confined to Northern Hemisphere

-Lie and wait predators

Order Argentiniformes

Superorder Osmeromorpha

Cohort Euteleostei

Argentines and marine smelts

-Crumenal organ

-Bathypelagic

-Marine

-Argentines barreleye

Order Galaxiiformes

Superorder Osmeromorpha

Cohort Euteleostei

River Galaxias, mountain galaxias

-no scales, have lateral line

-No keel or cucumber odor

Order Osmeriformes

Superorder Osmeropmorpha

Cohort Euteleostei

Freshwater smelts and noodlefishes

-Angular process absent or reduced

-Cucumber like odor

-Hypomesus transpacificus (delta smelt)

Order Stomiiformes

Superorder Osmeromorpha

Cohort Euteleostei

dragonfishes, lightfishes, loosejaws

-Photophores

-Large mouth extending past eye

-Genus Cyclothone (bristlemouths) most abundant and widely distributed vertebrates on Earth

-deep sea fishes

Neoteleostei

this is called "New teleost" is it is/has....

-monophyletic group

-retractor dorsalis muscle: retract or pull back on upper pharyngeal teeth

-tripartite occipital condyle: 1st vertebra articulates w/ 3 bones of the skull

Order Myctophiformes

Superorder Scopelomorpha

Neoteleostei

lantern fishes and blackchins

-upper pharyngeal jaw dominated by 3rd pharyngobranchial

-adipose fin supported by cartilaginous plate

-diel vertical migrations

Acanthomorpha

This consists of spiny rayed fishes

-most have true spines

-60% of known teleostean species and 1/3 of verts

Order Lampriformes

Superorder Lamprimorpha

Lamprimorpha

opahs, oarfishes

-Protrusible upper jaw

-marine

-lack true spines

Order Percopsiformes

Superorder Paracanthopterygii

Acanthomorpha

Cavefishes, pirate perch, troutperches

-Anus located in throat

-Abdominal pelvic fin position

freshwater - Eastern North America

-Premaxilla non protrusible

-Scales ctenoids

Order Stylephoriformes

Superorder Paracanthopterygii

Acanthomorpha

Tube eyes or thread tails

-Marine abyssal

-Body ribbon like

-40 fold enlargement of mouth

Order Gadiformes

Superorder Paracanthopterygii

Acanthomorpha

Cods, hakes, pollocks, haddocks

-isocercal caudal fin

-2 or 3 dorsals

-pelvic fins thoracic or jugular

-lack spines

Superorder Acanthopterygii

This superorder is/has

-Baudelot's ligament originates on basioccipital of skull rather than on first vert

-"Higher spiny rayed fishes"

-long ascending premaxillary process

Order Ophidiiformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

Pearlfishes, cusk eels, viviparous brotulas

-Eel like w/ tapering tail

-parasitic or commensal

-deep sea

-jugular pelvic fin if present

Order Batrachoidiformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

Toadfishes and midshipmen

-3 pairs of gills

-many lateral lines

-fastest contracting muscles

-larvae w/ big yolk sac

Order Gobiiformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

sleepers and gobies

-Pelvic fins formed into suction cup

-no gas bladder

-no parietals

-many w/ adaptations to terrestrial

Order Mugiliformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

Mullets

- 2 widely separated dorsal fins

-subabdominal pelvic fins

-small triangular mouth

-gizzard like stomach

Order Cichliformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

Cichlids

-single nostril on each side

-lateral line interrupted

-fastest adaptive radiation

Order Atheriniformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

Silversides and Rainbowfishes

-Environmental sex determination

-sperm dependent asexual fish

-2 dorsal fins

-abdominal pelvic fins

Order Beloniformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

Needlefishes, flying fishes

-lack spines

-nonprotusible upper jaw

-lower caudal lobe more rays

Order Cyprinodontiformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

topminnows, killifishes

-symmetrical caudal fin supported by single bone

-first rib attached to second

-some w/ fast lifecycles

-single dorsal fin

Order Pleuronectiformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

Flatfishes

-Metamorphosis driven by thyroid hormone (takes day to a month)

-body highly compressed

-migration of one eye

-dorsal fin anteriorly placed

-can blend in w/ surroundings

Order Perciformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

perch-like fishes

- Most diverse group of vertebrates

- Pelvic fins with one spine and five or less soft rays

- Ctenoid scales in most

- Gas bladder physoclistous or absent

-vertebrae 24 or fewer

Order Scorpaeniformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

scorpionfishes and sculpins

-Mail cheeked

-Spiny head and body

-backwardly directed opercular spine

-venomous spines

-SNAIL FISHES

Order Lophiiformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

Frogfishes, batfishes, angler fishes

-1st dorsal ray transformed into illicium and esca

-small gill opening behind pectoral fin base

-pelvic infront of pectorals

-no ribs

Order Tetraodontiformes

Series percomorpha

Superorder Acanthopterygii

Triggerfishes, Trunkfishes, Puffers, Molas

-vertebrae 21 or fewer

-restricted gill openings

-scaled modified into spines

-many jaw bones fused into a beak