Blossom Nursing Academy - CNA final exam

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

#1 Physiological

#2 Safety

#3 Love and belonging

#4 Esteem

#5 Self-actualization

Physiological (examples)

air, food, water, shelter, sleep, clothing

Safety (examples)

health, employment, property, family (infection control, fall prevention, protection from violence/abuse, good health)

Love and belonging (examples)

friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection (providing emotional support, building trust between patient and care team, encouraging patient-family communication)

Esteem (examples)

self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others (celebrating patients rehabilitation achievements, building their self worth, promoting their independence)

Self-actualization (examples)

Morality, creativity, spontaneity, acceptance, experience and purpose (helping patients finding purpose/meaning, encouraging them to pursue their goals, providing opportunities for creative expression)

Type 1 Diabetes

- insulin dependent

- usually develops during childhood or adolescence

- pancreas does not produce enough insulin

Type 2 Diabetes

- Non-insulin dependent

- Most common type of diabetes

- develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals

- occurs when the body does not use insulin effectively (insulin resistance) or does not produce enough insulin

Gestational Diabetes

- develops during pregnancy

- usually resolves after giving birth

- can increase risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

- A virus that attacks the body's immune system

- No cure but can be managed with medication

- Without treatment can progress to AIDS

- Can be contracted by sexual contact, sharing needles/syringes, from mother to child

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

- The final stage of infection with HIV

Home health care

provided in a patients home

Assisted living facilities

residences for people who need some help with daily tasks, such as showering, meals, and dressing.

Adult day services

for people who need some help and assistance during certain hours, but who do not need to live in the facility where care is provided.

Long-term care (LTC)

Is given in long-term care facilities for people who need 24 hour skilled care.

Acute care

is 24-hour skilled care given in hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers for people who require short-term, immediate care for illnesses or injuries

Subacute care

care given in a hospital or in a long-term care facility for people who need less care than for an acute (sudden, short-term) illness, but more care than for a chronic (long-term) illness.

Outpatient care

Is given to people who have had treatments, procedures, or surgeries and need short-term skilled care.

Rehabilitation

is care given by medical professionals to help restore or improve function after an illness or injury.

Hospice care

physical and emotional care provided in facilities for people who have 6 months or less to live (devoted to those who are terminally ill)

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

walking, eating, bathing, dressing, etc.

Medicare

A federal health insurance program for persons 65 years of age and older

Medicaid

a medical assistance program for people with low incomes, as well as for people with disabilities

Charting

- the act of noting care and observations; documenting

- one of the duty's of an NA

Physical Therapist (PT)

evaluates a person and develops a treatment plan to increase movement, improve circulation, promote healing, reduce pain, prevent disability, and help the resident regain or maintain mobility

Occupational Therapist (OT)

- a therapist who helps residents learn to adapt to their disabilities.

- may assist with activities of daily living (ADLs)

Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP)

- identifies communication disorders, addresses factors involved in recovery, and develops a plan of care to meet recovery goals

- helps improve speech

- evaluates a persons ability to swallow food and drinks

Registered Dietitian (RD)

assesses a resident's nutritional status and creates special diets for residents with specific needs to ensure residents' nutritional needs are met

Scope of Practice

defines the tasks that healthcare providers are legally permitted to perform as allowed by state or federal law

Care Plan

A plan developed for each resident to achieve certain goals; it outlines the steps and tasks that the care team must perform.

Policy

a course of action that should be taken every time a certain situation occurs

Procedure

a method or way of doing something

Empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

Sympathy

feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune

OBRA (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act)

law passed by the federal government that includes minimum standards for nursing assistant training, staffing requirements, resident assessment instructions, and information on rights for residents

Nas must complete a minimum of____ hours of initial training

- 75 hours

- including at least 16 hours of clinical experience

NAs must also attend a minimum of ____ hours per year of in-service education to keep their skills updated

12 hours

Ombudsman

a legal advocate for residents in long-term care facilities; can help resolve conflicts and settle disputes concerning residents' health, safety, welfare, and rights.

HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

a federal law that sets standards for protecting the privacy of patients' health information

incontinence

inability to control bladder and/or bowels

Culture

A system of learned beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

Impairment

a loss of function or ability

Fracture

broken bone

Scalds

burns caused by hot liquids

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

obstructed airway

- when something is blocking the tube through which air enters the lungs

- when people are chocking, they usually put their hands to their throats

Abdominal thrusts

a method of attempting to remove an object from the airway of someone who is choking

Cyanotic

skin that is blue or gray due to lack of oxygen

CVA

cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

Microorganisms/Microbes

a living thing that is only visible under a microscope

Systemic Infection

affects the entire body

Localized Infection

limited to a specific location in the body

Portal of Exit

any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave (nose, mouth, eyes, or a cut in the skin)

CDC (Center for Disease Control)

a federal agency that conducts and supports health promotion, prevention and preparedness activities in the United States with the goal of improving overall public health.

Portal of Entry

any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter

Sputum

mucus coughed up from the lungs

Transmission-based precautions

used for people who are infected or may be infected (used in addition to standard precautions)

PPE (personal protective equipment) order

- Gown

- Mask

- Goggles/face shield

- Gloves

COVID-19

a droplet and airborne disease: transmitted through droplets and particles when an infected person breathes, sneezes, coughs, sings, or talks.

Physiological needs

- Food and water

- Protection and Shelter

- Activity

- Sleep and Rest

- Comfort; especially freedom from pain

Psychosocial needs

- Love and affection

- Acceptance by others

- Safety and Security

- Self reliance and independence

- Contact with others

- Success and self esteem

Holistic Care

A type of care that involves caring for the whole person—the mind as well as the body.

Examples:

- dietary changes

- massages

- art, music, and dance therapy

Stages of Human Growth and Development

Infancy: birth - 1 year

Toddlerhood: 1 - 3 years

Preschool age: 3 - 5 years

School age: 5 - 10 years

Preadolescence: 10-12 years

Adolescence: 12-18 years

Young Adulthood: 18-40 years

Middle Adulthood: 40-65 years

Late Adulthood: 65 years and older

Infancy (Birth to 1 Year old)

- In one year a baby moves from total dependence to the relative independence of moving around, communicating basic needs, and feeding himself

- Physical development in infancy moves from the head down

Toddler (1-3 years old)

- Children gain independence (new control over bodies)

- Learn to speak, gain coordination in limbs, and control bowel & bladder

- Like to explore

Preschool (3-5 years old)

- Develop skills that help them become more independent and form social relationships

- Learn new words and language skills

- Learn to play in groups

- Become more physically coordinated and learn to care for themselves

- Begin to learn right from wrong

School-Age (5-10 years old)

- Centered around cognitive and social development

- Explore the world around them

- Relate to other children through games, peer groups, and activities

- Learn to get along with others and begin to develop a conscience, morals, and self esteem

Preadolescence (10-12 years old)

- Enjoy growing a sense of identity

- Tend to be very social

- Able to handle more responsibility at home and school

- Girls start puberty

Adolescence (12-18 years old)

- Children become more sexually mature

- If puberty had not been reached in the previous stage, it would start here

- Peer acceptance is important

- May experience insecurities

- Hormonal changes; influencing mood

- Potential stress due to dependency on parents and a need to express themselves socially and sexually

Young Adulthood (18 to 40 years old)

- Physical growth has usually been completely

- Psychological and social development continues

Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years old)

- More comfortable and stable

- Physical changes related to aging occur

- Metabolism and other body functions slow down

- Wrinkles and grey hair appear

- Many diseases and illnesses may develop in these years

Late Adulthood (65 years and older)

- Adjusting to effects of gaining; loss of strength and health, the death of loved ones, retirement, and preparation for their own death

Normal signs of aging

- Skin becomes thinner, frailer, drier, and less elastic

- Hair turns grey

- Bones lose density

- Slower reflexes/response time

- Weaker immune system

Development Disabilities

- disabilities that are present at birth or emerge during childhood, up to the age of 22

- restricts physical and/or mental ability

Bipolar Disorder

a mood disorder that causes a person to have mood swings and changes in energy levels and the ability to function

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

The Five Stages of Grief

1. Denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression

5. Acceptance

Advance Directives

legal documents that allow people to choose what medical care they wish to have if they are unable to make those decisions themselves

- Living will

- DNR order

- Durable power of attorney

Homeostasis

the condition in which all of the body's systems are balanced and are working at their best

The 10 Systems of the Human Body

#1: Integumentary/skin

#2: Musculoskeletal

#3: Nervous

#4: Cardiovascular or circulatory

#5: Respiratory

#6: Urinary

#7: Gastrointestinal or Digestive

#8: Endocrine

#9: Reproductive

#10: Immune and Lymphatic

Anterior (ventral)

the front of the body or body part

Posterior (dorsal)

the back of the body or body part

Superior

toward the head

Inferior

away from the head

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

closer to the torso/point of attachment

Distal

farther away from the torso/point of attachment

Th largest organ and system in the body

Skin

The human body has ______ bones

206

Atrophy

muscle wastes away, decreases in size, and becomes weak

Contracture

the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle or tendon ("freezes" in position), usually due to lack of activity

Partial Weight Bearing

the resident is able to support SOME percentage of their body's weight

Non-Weight Bearing

the resident is unable to support any weight on one or both legs.

Full Weight Bearing

the resident is able to support 100% of their body weight with no help

Hemiplegia

paralysis on one side of the body

Hemiparesis

weakness on one side of the body

Dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing

Paraplegia

paralysis of the lower half of the body