SJSU HIST 15A Cirivilleri Final Exam ACTUAL MCQ

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa

Code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Sudetenland

Land near Czechoslovakia that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population

Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939

• Nonaggression pact between the Soviet Union and Germany.

• Fell apart in June 1941, when Nazi forces invaded the Soviet Union.

• Soviet leader Stalin viewed the pact as a way to keep his nation on peaceful terms with Germany

• Gave Stalin time to build up the Soviet military.

• Hitler used the pact to make sure Germany was able to invade Poland unopposed.

Lend Lease

FDR wanted to help somehow before US were involved in WW2. So he lent bombs and artillery to Britain

German Invasion of Poland

• Germany desired living space and barrier from Soviet Union.

• Invades this country and World War II begins when Britain and France declare war

Fall of France

-June 1940

-France and most of Europe was conquered by Germany.

-Left Britain alone against Hitler, jarred America out of apathy.

-Only Britain stood between Hitler and the death of European democracy.

Battle of Britain

• A series of battles between German and British air forces, fought over Britain

• 1940-1941

• A significant turning point of World War II

• ended when Germany's Luftwaffe failed to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force despite months of targeting Britain's air bases, military posts, and, ultimately, its civilian population.

• Britain's decisive victory saved the country from a ground invasion and possible occupation by German forces

• proving that air power alone could be used to win a major battle.

Pearl Harbor

• Base in Hawaii that was bombed by Japan

• December 7, 1941

• made America eager to enter the war.

Japanese Internment

• Japanese and Japanese Americans were placed in camps beginning in 1942, following Pearl Harbor;

• upheld by Korematsu v. US

War in the Pacific

The battles fought by the U.S. against Japanese forces in the Pacific theater of war during WWII.

Battle of Coral Sea

• A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

• Focused on each others' aircraft carrier ships.

Atlantic Warfare

• (1939-1945)

• Longest continuous military campaign in WW2.

• German U-boats attack US ships and Allied ships to stop trade and supplies.

• Convoys, sonar, and radar helped the Allies to win this battle.

Allied Invasion of Italy

• The British army under Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery

• begins the Allied invasion of the Italian peninsula

• crossing the Strait of Messina from Sicily

• landing at Calabria-the "toe" of Italy.

• On day of landing, Italian government secretly agreed to the Allies' terms for surrender,

• no public announcement was made until September 8.

Battle of Stalingrad

• A key Soviet victory during World War II that ended Hitler's effort to conquer the USSR.

• Soviets stopped German advance in winter of 1942-1943.

Normandy Invasion

• June 6, 1944 - D-Day

• Allied troops began landing on France's Normandy coast.

• was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning.

• Prior to D-Day, the Allies conducted a large-scale deception campaign designed to mislead the Germans about the intended invasion target.

US Post-war Economic Boom

• The war brought the return of prosperity, and in the postwar period the United States consolidated its position as the world's richest country.

• The middle class grew larger.

Sources of growth:

-automobile industry

-housing boom, stimulated in part by easily affordable mortgages for returning servicemen

-rise in defense spending as the Cold War escalated

Sunbelt

• states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative.

• Saw a large population increase after WW2 and the rise of new industries

G.I. Bill of Rights

• Law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education

Iron Curtain

• a metaphoric wall dividing the democratic nations of the West from the communist nations of the East,

• coined by Churchill

Fall of China

• On October 1, 1949,

• Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People's Republic of China.

• The "fall" of mainland China to communism in 1949 led the United States to suspend diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades.

Korean War

(1950)

• Soviet-backed North Korea invaded pro-Western South Korea.

• By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea's behalf.

• After some early back-and-forth across the 38th parallel, the fighting stalled and casualties mounted with nothing to show for them.

• They eventually signed an armistice in 1953.

Berlin Airlift

Program in which U.S. and British pilots flew supplies to West Berlin during a Soviet blockade

Division of Europe

• Decided at the Yalta Conference,

• Germany and Berlin were divided into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union.

• Berlin laid within the Soviet Zone.

NATO

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

• Cold War military alliance of democratic countries

• (USA + Western Europe vs. USSR).

Warsaw Pact

• A military alliance, formed in 1955, of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations.

• Made to rival NATO

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

United Nations

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

1947 National Security Act

created the CIA, a separate air force, the National Security Council, and Department of Defense

Eisenhower's "New Look"

• Focused on the use of nuclear weapons

• was intended as a way for the United States to meet its Cold War military obligations without putting too much strain on the country's economy.

Brinksmanship

• The practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression.

• In the Cold War, the U.S. built up a huge nuclear arsenal to force Russia to stay in check.

• "Mutually assured destruction"

Sputnik

October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

Space Race

• A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

• JFK set goal of "man on the moon voyage" by the end of the decade, was achieved by July 1969

Warren Court

Supreme Court of the 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren, whose decisions supported civil rights.

Became famous for landmark decisions such as Brown v. Board, Miranda v. Arizona, Griswold v. Connecticut

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education.

Rosa Parks

Secretary of NAACP, spurred the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Leader of the civil rights movement, protested with nonviolence, assassinated April 4, 1968 by James Earl Ray

Kennedy and Civil Rights

• Moved by actions in Birmingham, he announced that major civil rights legislation would be submitted to Congress

• to guarantee equal access to public facilities,

• to end segregation in education,

• to provide federal protection of the right to vote.

Birmingham Campaign

(1963)

• Protest of segregation laws in the city.

• Met with violent attacks using high-pressure fire hoses and police dogs on men, women and children-

• -producing some of the most iconic and troubling images of the Civil Rights Movement.

• considered one of the major turning points in the Civil Rights Movement

• "beginning of the end" of a centuries-long struggle for freedom.

March on Washington

1963

demonstration in which more than 200,000 people rallied for economic equality and civil rights.

Led by MLK and featured his "I Have a Dream" speech.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

(1961)

, failed invasion of Cuba by a CIA-led force of Cuban exiles,

aiming to overthrow Fidel Castro

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962

confrontation between US (Kennedy) and the Soviet Union (Khrushchev) over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Nikita Khrushchev

A politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War.

Succeeded Stalin, responsible for Cuban Missile Crisis

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam.

Aided the US during WW2 but became enemies with them due to his communist views,

led North Vietnam and the Vietcong during the Vietnam War

Kennedy's Assassination

This president was shot in the head November 22, 1963 in Dallas, TX by Lee Harvey Oswald.

Jack Ruby killed Oswald shortly afterward.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Prevented segregation in public places and prevented sexism in employment. Passed by Lyndon Johnson.

Johnson's War on Poverty

A set of programs introduced by President Johnson to fight poverty. Includes:

• The Social Security Amendments of 1965,

created Medicare and Medicaid and expanded Social Security benefits for retirees, widows, the disabled and college-aged students

• The Food Stamp Act of 1964,

which made the food stamps program permanent.

• The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964,

which established the Job Corps, the VISTA program, the federal work-study program and a number of other initiatives.

established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), responsible for implementing the war on poverty and which created the Head Start program in the process.

• The Elementary and Secondary Education Act,

established the Title I program subsidizing school districts with a large share of impoverished students, among other provisions.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

civil rights law that banned literacy tests and other practices that discouraged blacks from voting

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam. It was passed after an alleged attack on two U.S. naval destroyers stationed off the coast of Vietnam.

Operation Rolling Thunder

Sustained bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight. However, it was used as anti-American propaganda and intensified North Vietnamese nationalism.

Watts Riots

(1965) week-long violence in LA after white cop struck black bystander @ traffic arrest

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s. He believed in black power and equal rights, but thought violence was necessary

Black Panther

A militant black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by whites, promoted black power.

1968 Democratic Convention

(1968) Rep. Richard Nixon elected president as Democratic convention torn apart by protestors against the Vietnam War

Nixon's Vietnamization

involved building up South Vietnam's armed forces and withdrawing U.S. troops,

prepare the South Vietnamese to act in their own defense against a North Vietnamese takeover

allow the United States to leave Vietnam with its honor intact.

failed when South Vietnam fell to North Vietnamese communist forces in 1975.

UC Davis v. Bakke

This case upheld affirmative action but abolished the quota system. It contended that race could be one of, but not the only, deciding factors in college admissions.

Nixon Doctrine

The U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, but will instead provide economic aid and military training

Kent State

(1970) 4 students killed by National Guardsmen after violent anti-war protesting in this university

Nixon in China

-Agreed to lessen the risk of war, expand cultural contacts between the two nations, and establish a permanent U.S. trade mission in China.

-Acknowledged China's "one-China" policy and agreed to a withdrawal of U.S. troops from Taiwan

-Also secretly discussed ways in which they could cooperate to check the growth of Soviet power in Asia and elsewhere.

SALT Treaties

Limited the number of nuclear missiles the US and USSR could have (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks)

Detente

the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

1973 Energy Crisis

High prices and shortages of American energy resources

lasted from 1973-74; included gas rationing, lowered highway speed limits

Cesar Chavez

20th Century Mexican American who devoted his life to improving conditions for migrant workers

Betty Friedan

American feminist, activist and writer. "The Feminine Mystique".

American Indian Movement

a frequently militant organization that was formed in 1968 to work for Native American rights.

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Engel v. Vitale

banned formal prayer in schools, government would not make any religion the 'official' religion.

Burger Court

A more conservative Supreme Court under Warren Burger. Wrote Roe v Wade; Webster v. Reproductive services

1973 Paris Peace Accords

It ended direct U.S. military combat in Vietnam, and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam.

Henry Kissinger

Harvard professor who became Nixon's lead foreign policy advisor, especially in Vietnam

War Powers Act

a US law passed in 1973 which allows Congress to limit the President's use of military forces.

Fall of Saigon

April 30, 1975 - North Vietnamese tanks rolled into Saigon, capital of South Vietnam, and captured the city, renaming it Ho Chi Minh City

Vietnam Syndrome

The belief that the United States should be extremely reluctant to commit its armed forces overseas.

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon.

He is credited with helping to restore public confidence in government after the disillusionment of the Watergate era.

Helsinki Accords

A conference in Finland in 1975

promised greater economic cooperation and cultural exchanges between USA, USSR, and 33 other countries.

also promised to follow the policies of detente and SALT

Jimmy Carter

Born on October 1, 1924, in Plains, Georgia,

39th president (1977-81)

served as the nation's chief executive during a time of serious problems at home and abroad.

His perceived mishandling of these issues led to defeat in his bid for reelection

turned to diplomacy and advocacy, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2002.

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Panama Canal Treaty

1978; Gradual transfer of operation and control of the Panama Canal from the US to the Panamanians, signed by President Carter

Human Rights

the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

Camp David Peace Accords

Peace treaty in 1978 between Israel and Egypt which ended 30 years of war between the two nations. Engineered by President Carter, winning him the Nobel Peace Prize

1980 Olympics Boycott

This was one part of a number of actions initiated by the United States to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

The Soviet Union, which hosted the event, and other countries would later boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.