2.2 People of the Planet

What is Development?

• The progress of a country as it becomes more economically/technologically advanced

What is Social Development?

• An improvement in people’s quality of life - e.g, education, health, life expectancy

What is Economic Development?

• An improvement in wealth e.g, GNI and GDP

What is Environmental Development?

• An improvement in the quality of the natural world - e.g, air pollution and water quality

What is Sustainable Development?

• An improvement in meeting the need’s of the present whilst protecting the need’s of those in the future - e.g, renewable energy

What are AC’s?

• Advanced Country

• Well-developed finanical market, diversified economic structure, rapidly growing service sector - e.g, UK, USA, Japan and Australia

What are EDC’s?

• Emerging Developing Country

• Not eligible for Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (supported by the IMF) - e.g, South Africa, India, China and Brazil

What are LIDC’s?

• Low-Income Developing Country

• Eligible for Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust - e.g, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Afghanistan

How can Development be measured?

• Economically OR Socially

What is Gross National Income?

• Total income divided by the number of people per capita - 1000

What is Gross Domestic Product?

• Total value of the good’s and service’s produced in a country

What is the Human Development Index?

• Composite measure (combining multiple data) using data on income, life expectancy and education, to calculate an index from 0-1

What are the advantages of using Gross National Income per Capita?

• It can show a clear pattern or variation between each country

• It prioritises AID payment

• It can be calculated easily using the government’s data

What are the disadvantages of using Gross National Income per Capita?

• Average figure is misleading. disparities not shown as wealthy people can distort the data

• Many people working in an informal sector will not have their income taken by the official GNI

• Many data about income is personal, sensitive

What are the advantages of using the Human Development Index?

• It can show a clear pattern or variation between each country

• It will provide a composite measure, including social aspects as well as wealth

• It can be used as a measure of improvement, following government initiatives

What are the disadvantages of using the Human Development Index?

• It only considers a selection of measures and doesn’t consider of other important indicators

• It can hide the disparities that exist with countries

• Data from some countries may be unreliable

What are the advantages of using Internet User’s?

• It is useful as it relies upon other infrastructural improvement, so it is an accurate measure for electricity, satellite access and disposable income

What are the disadvantages of using Internet User’s?

• Doesn’t consider the variation in countries

• It can hide the disparities that exist in countries

• Internet access may not be central to the infrastructure or functioning of the community

How do indicators illustrate the ‘development gap’ between countries?

• Half of the world’s wealth is owned by 1% of the population

• Last 50 years, 16 countries have moved from their LIDC status to the EDC status

How do indicators illustrate the health between countries?

• LIDC’s have a lower level of investment in health and nutrition, accounting for high infant mortality and birth rate

How do indicators illustrate the education between countries?

• Primary education is almost globally avaliable

• European-style secondary education is unavaliable in LIDC’s - some vocational training may be present

How do indicators illustrate the standard’s of living between countries?

• LIDC’s have to endure a lack of clean water and poor sanitation, leading to disease and reducing the life expectancy rate

Where are most AC’s?

• Most of North America, Europe and Australasia

Where are most EDC’s?

• Most of South America, Asia and some of Africa

Where are most LIDC’s?

• Most of Africa, a few in the Middle East, Asia

How can weather and climate cause uneven development?

• Heavy rainfall, droughts, extreme heat/cold and vulnerability to tropical storms will hinder economic development

• E.g, influencing agricultural productivity, infrastructure damage

Name an example of how climate can cause uneven development?

• In 2016, over 1000 people in Haiti were killed by Hurricane ‘Matthew’ just 6 years after 230,000 people were killed by a Earthquake

How can relief cause uneven development?

• A mountaineous region will tend to be remote and have a poor infrastructure, dealing with extreme weather

How can land-locked countries cause uneven development?

• 8/15 of the lowest ranking countries according to the HDI are land-locked

• Those LIDC’s don’t have a coast, lacking the benefit of sea trade, which has led to the development of the world’s most developed nation’s

How can a tropical environment cause uneven development?

• Tropical environment is prone to pest and disease, which can spread rapidly, devastating communities and affecting people’s abilities to work

• E.g, Malaria and Cholera

How can a water shortage hinder development?

• Water is essential for life and development, and a serious shortage can lead to dehydration and a lack of sanitisation

Name a place of where water shortage did cause uneven development?

• Africa and the Middle East

How can poverty cause uneven development?

• Lack of money will prevent refining to living conditions, infrastructure and sanitation, education and training

• Development in agriculture and industry will be extremely slow, economy will not succeed

How can trade cause uneven development?

• Most of the world’s powerful international countries (TNC’s) are based in the AC’s, so LIDC’s have limited access to the trade market

• LIDC’s trade raw material which have a low-cost, and their value has fluctuated, causing uncertainty and instability to LIDC’s

Which continent’s are most involved in global trade?

• Europe, Asia and North America

How can history cause uneven development?

• AC’s have experienced a long history of development, based upon agricultural, industrial growth and international trading - highly developed and rapidly wealthy

• Rapid industrialisation has taken place in EDC’s, but not yet in LIDC’s

Which EDC’s has rapid industrialisation taken place?

• China, Malaysia and South Korea

What is the impact of colonialism on trade?

• Many LIDC’s were colonialised - exploited for their raw material, population was enslaved, labour being exploited for profit

• Global development became uneven - most colonised countries became independent in the mid-twentieth century, facing huge challenges such as poor infrastructure and political instability

Which powerful trading nations’ were the main colonist’s?

• UK, France, Spain and Portugal

Name an example of how colonialism can cause uneven development?

• India - independent from the UK in 1945

• Nigeria - independent from the UK in 1960

How can exploitation of natural resources cause uneven development?

• Raw material were exploited by colonial power and exported to AC’s to further their industrial development

• LIDC’s were paid lower for the resources with most of the value being added in the AC’s

What is aid?

• Aid is when a country, organisation or individual give resources to an other country

What is short-term aid?

• Emergency aid following a disaster, involving the provision of water, food, medical help and shelter

What is long-term aid?

• Sustainable development, involving improvement to infrastructure, education, agriculture or health-care

What is government aid?

• Aid which is given from one government to an other government directly

What is voluntary aid?

• Aid which is given by individuals to NGO’s or charities to direct it to the right place

What is bi-lateral aid?

• Aid that has to be given back in return

What is multi-lateral aid?

• Aid which is provided by many countries and organised by an organisation

How can the provision of basic resources promote development?

• It can lead to a healthier lifestyle, enabling people to work more effectively and earn money to improve their living condition

How can education promote development?

• Improved knowledge and access to loans can increase food productivity and wealth in farming

• Improved literacy rate

How can health-care promote development?

• It will reduce child mortality rate, lower birth rate due to contraception and increase the life expectancy

How can inappropriate aid hinder development?

• Inappropriate aid e.g, machinery can increase dependency on AC’s, e.g, for spare equipment/energy

How can the provision of emergency aid hinder development?

• It could threaten local farmer’s, forcing them out of business

How can the lack of co-ordination hinder development?

• It could result in an imbalance of support between aid donor’s

How can animal aid hinder development?

• Some animal-gift schemes have been criticised for increasing livestock in place’s already suffering from water shortage and desertification

What is urbanisation?

• The process of a town or city developing as the population increases

What is a settle-ment hierarchy?

• The ranking of a settle-ment based on it’s services and functions

What are the ranking of the settle-ment hierarchy?

What is a city?

• A human settlement of a substanial size

What is a mega-city?

• A large city that has a population of over 10 million people

What is a world city?

• A large city that has a major influence on the global economy

What does a world-city have?

• Global businesses

• Cultural opportunity

• Major transportation

Where are most mega-cities distributed?

• Most mega-cities are distributed in developing regions (Asia, Africa)

How has the distribution of mega-cities changed over time?

• Shift from AC’s (West of Europe) to mainly EDC’s (Asia and Africa)

What is a problem faced by mega-cities?

• Rapid urbanisation, placing pressure on infrastructure and housing

How do AC’s vary in growth rate?

• Cities in Europe and North America has reached the peak of their growth in the 1950s or earlier

When were the AC’s most sustained period of growth?

• Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s to 1800s.

What event has lead to the growth of cities in AC’s?

• The ‘baby boom’ after the World War 2 and the building of new housing

Which two AC’s were the first ‘millionare’ cities?

• London and Paris (1 million)

What percentage of AC’s live in an urban area?

• 70%

How do EDC’s/LIDC’s vary in growth rate?

• Cities in Asia and Africa have now overtaken Europe and North America

How did the economic development affect EDC’s/LIDC’s?

• Economic development has driven the rural to urban migration, causing younger people in a rural area to move to a urban area in search of a job

How did Natural Growth affect EDC’s/LIDC’s?

• Many people from a rural area then have children in the city, leading to a high rate of natural growth

How many people have moved to an urban area in EDC’s/LIDC’s?

• Almost 200 million people between 2000-2010

Which EDC’s/LIDC’s are facing the highest level of growth in a city?

• Dhaka - 7%

• Lagos - 5.6%

• Delhi - 4.6%

What is the main cause of rapid urbanisation in LIDC’s?

• Rural to urban migration, internal growth

What is rural to urban migration?

• People moving from a rural area to live in a city

What is internal growth?

• People who have moved in the city have a lot of children

What is a push factor?

• A negative factor causing the movement of people away from an area

What is a pull factor?

• A positive factor causing the attraction of people to go to an area

What are 4 push factors in migration?

• Lack of job opportunities

• Lack of education/health-care

• Poorer infrastructure

• Lack of clean water

What are 4 pull factors in migration?

• More of job opportunities

• More of education/health-care

• More of housing

• More of transport

What is natural growth?

• The population growth once people have settled in the city

What is the natural growth trend in LIDC’s?

• Natural growth is increased, as there is a large, youthful population

What is the natural growth trend in AC’s?

• Natural growth is decreased, as there is a ageing population

Why is the natural growth increasing in LIDC’s?

• Less access to contraception will lead to a higher birth rate

Why is the natural growth decreasing in AC’s?

• More access to contraception will lead to a lower birth rate

What is the informal sector?

• A job which doesn’t offer any features of formal employment

Why is a job in the informal sector easy to set up?

• They require little capital to set up, require a few skills, are labour intensive and small scale, so those who are desperate can work

What are the advantages of the informal sector?

• People working in this sector do not pay taxes, so they do not contribute directly to the country’s gross national product

What are the disadvantages of the informal sector?

• People working in this sector do not have any legal rights and would not recieve holiday and sick pay, remaining in poverty

What is an informal housing?

• Housing which are built on land belonging to the government

What are some examples of an informal housing?

• Favela, shantytown, squatter settle-ment

What location is used when building informal housing?

• River-bed, vulnerable to heavy flood after rain

• Industrial, vulnerable to air quality and pollution

• Steep slope, vulnerable to flood and landslide

What are the disadvantages of an informal housing?

• Infrastructure is poor, cannot rely on electricity and water supply

• High population density, disease can spread, crime is common