Phylum Porifera - Metazoa
Sponges
Phylum Ctenophora
Comb Jellies
Phylum Cnidaria What are the 4 classes
Hydrozoa - Hydra and Portuguese man of war Scyphozoa - Jellyfish and Sea nettles Cubozoa - Box Jellies and Sea Wasps Anthozoa - Sea anemone, most coral, sea fans
Phylum Platyhelminthes are...
Flat worms
Phylum Platyhelminthes 4 classes
Turbellaria - free-living flatworm, eg Planaria Monogenaea - primarily ectoparasites of fish Trematoda - trematodes or fluke Cestoda - tapeworms
Phylum Ectoprocta are..
Bryozoans or Moss Animals
Phylum Brachiopoda are
Lamp shells
Phylum Nemertea are...
Ribbon worms
Phylum Annelida = Segmented worms What are the 3 classes
Oligochaeta - earthworms Polychaeta - Polychaeta Hirudinea - leeches
What makes an animal?
-Eukaryotic -Multicellular (mostly) -Heterotrophic
Choanoflagellates are...
Closest living relatives to animals
Choanoflagellates can form colonies through ... meaning...
aggregation of individuals
Two Choanoflagellates merge together to form -single cell organisms
What is the process of Choanoflagellates forming a colony?
solitary - alone Thecate - recruit bacteria to environmental surfaces surrounding the base of the theca stalk.
Some Choanoflagellates form colonies through...
Cell division
Phylum Porifera are ... Live? Movement? Eating?
Sponges Marine, freshwater Sessile Benthic suspension feeders
Choanoflagellate are the closest relative to animals
What is the process in sponges? What is it made up of and function?
Osculum - a large aperture in a sponge through which water is expelled.
Spongeocoal - large, central cavity of sponges
Porocytes - control the amount of water that enters pores
Amoebocyte - delivering nutrients from choanocytes to other cells within the sponge, giving rise to eggs for sexual reproduction
Phagocytosis - the ingestion of bacteria
Mesophyll - had Amoebocyte
Sclerocytes are the hard parts that make up the sponges - specialized cells that secrete the mineralized structures in the body wall of some invertebrates.
Spicule - the structural components of a sponge, or the bricks - made of calcium carbonate or silica
Choanocyte
create the active pumping of water through the sponge
Collar - nutrients are absorbed into the sponge
Spicules secreted by ...
sclerocytes
Spongocytes make... which are...
Spongin - fibrous substance found in the skeleton of many sponges
What are sponges vulnerable to? 2
Sponge Grazers - Angelfishes, Filefishes, Parrotfishes
Eukaryotes, bacteria, and viruses
How do sponges defends themselves?... and..
Secondary metabolites (secrets particles) Trade-offs
Secondary Metabolites
secrets particles
in sponges: Antimicrobial Antiviral Antifungal Antiprotozoal Anticancer
Trade-offs
arise when you have limitations
-a condition in which an increase in the performance of one trait causes a decrease in the performance of another, given the limited amount of available resource
Eumetazoa - Animal with "true tissues"
Ctenophora
What is Ctenophora phylum
Comb jellies
What is the diagram of Comb jellies (5)
Mesoglea Endoderm Ectoderm Internal cavity Mouth/anus
Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) are... All... and mostly.... Has eight combs of ... that ...the animal
All marine and pelagic
Pelagic - occurring in the open sea
Has eight combs of cilia that propel the animal
Phylum Cnidaria have...4
Jellies, corals, hydras, anemones
Cnidaria live in...
Marine and Freshwater
Cnidaria have nematocyst which are...
a specialized cell in the tentacles of a jellyfish containing a venomous coiled thread that can be projected in self-defense or to capture prey.
What are the parts of Cnidaria nematocysts
-Tentacle -Trigger -Nematocyst (The Capsule) -Coiled thread -Cnidocyte (stinging cells)
What are the Basic Cnidarian body plans for Polyp and Medusa
Gastrovascular - primary organ of digestion and circulation
Gastrodermis - the inner layer of cells that serves as a lining membrane of the gastrovascular cavity
What are the 4 classes of Cnidarians?
Anthozoans Hydrozoans Scyphozoans Cubozoans
Anthozoas are (2)
Sea anemones, corals
Anthozoas Live in? what stage? Sexual or asexual or both? most...
All marine Polyp stage only (medusa absent) Most Sessile and Colonial Asexual or sexual polyp
Anthozoans have exoskeletons made up of what?
Calcium Carbonate
What is Coral Bleaching?
changes in ph, killing corals, leaving behind the exoskeleton of anthozoans
Mutualism endosymbiosis
Between corals and zooxanthellae (protist) has an endosymbiosis relationship from corals.
What are the 4 classes of Cnidarians
Anthozoans Hydrozoans Scyphozoans Cubozoans
What is the Cnidarian Life Cycle?
What is a polyp - non-motile with cylindircal body and long stalk (Polyps generally reproduce asexually (by budding))
Medusas are free swimming, umbrella-shaped and have a reduced stalk
Gonad - organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary
Planula - free-swimming coelenterate larva with a flattened, ciliated, solid body.
Hydrozoans are...
Hydras, Portuguese man of war
Hydrozoans Lives in? has what stage?
Most marine, few freshwater
Polyp and medusa stage in most species
Scyphozoans:
Medusa Jellies
Scyphozoans live in..
All marine Mostly medusa with Polyp reduced
Cubozoans:
Sea wasps (box Jelly)
Cubozoans are ...
mostly medusa with polyp reduced
Box shaped medusa
lecture 2
Cnidarian phylogeny and life cycle summary
Animal Symmetry
Radiata mean...
Radial symmetry
Bilateria
Bilateral Symmetry
Cephalization
anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo's development.
What class is Radiata and Diploblastic What class is Bilateria and Triploblastic
Ctenophora Cnidria
What are the two Tissues types?
Diploblastic Triploblastic
Diploblastic?
2 layers of living cells: ectoderm, endoderm
Triploblastic?
3 layers of living cells: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Endoderm?
Gives rise to liver, pancreas, lungs, and lining of digestive tract
Mesoderm
Gives rise to: notochord, lining of coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of circulatory system
Notochord?
The notochord is a rod-like embryological structure, which plays a vital role in the development of the vertebrate
Ectoderm
Gives rise to: outer covering, nervous system components in some phyla, inner ear, lens of eye.
What is the Coelomate Body Plan?
Triploblastic Coelom Endoderm Ectoderm mesoderm
Pseudocoelomate Body plan?
Triploblastic Pseudocoelom - no body cavity Endoderm - digestive tract. Ectoderm - body covering mesoderm - muscle layer
Acoelomate Body Plan?
Triploblastic
Who is in the Lophotrochozoa?
Platyhelminthes Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusua Annelida
Lophotrochozoa
Platyhelminthes are..
Flatworms
Ectoprocta
Bryozoans
Brachiopoda
Brachiopods or lamp shells
Annelida
Segmented worms
Nemertea
Ribbon worms
Mollusca
Snails, clams, squid octopus
What are the 4 classes of Platyhelminthes
turbellaria Monogenea Trematoda Cestoda
Turbellaria
Gastrovascular cavity - two-way digestive tract with a single opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus for the animal.
Pharynx Ganglia - clusters of nerve cells Eyespots Ventral nerve cord - a chain of connected segmental ganglia
Turbellaria (dugesia) Reproduce.... and... Models for... Can completely regenerate with as little as ... of the animal Turbellaria are ... and ...
Reproduce sexually and asexually Models for regeneration 1/279 Terrestrial and Marine
Monogenea are what? Are the free-living?
Parasites that hook on to fish gills Free-living and ectoparasitic
Ectoparasitic
parasite lives outside the body of the host.
What are Trematoda? Endoparasites or ectoparasitic ... life cycle ... host?
Endoparasites Complex life cycle Multiple host?
Ribeiroia life cycle?
Blood Fluke Schistosoma?
Mature flukes live in the blood vessels of the human intestine
Blood flukes reproduce sexually in the human host. Fertilized eggs exit host in feces
Eggs develop in water into ciliated larvae. Larvae infect snails
Asexual reproduction within snail results in another type of motile larva
Larvae penetrate skin and blood vessel of human
cestoda Are endoparasites or ectoparasites ...life cycle can use ... host
Endoparasite Complex life cycle Can use multiple host
Cestoda are... Proglottids are... Scolex are...
Tapeworms Reproductive structures Hooks and sucker
What is Disease Taeniasis?
Pork tapeworm Beef tapeworm
Pork tape worm and Beef tapeworm create what diseases?
Cysticercosis Neurocysticercosis
What is this?
bryozoans
lophotrochozoans are...
lophotrochozoans are triploblastic
What is lophophore
ring of tentacles
What are in the Lophotrochozoa
Platyhelminthes Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida
What has lophophore? 2
Ectoprocta Brachiopoda
Ectoprocta: Bryozoans (moss animals) are.. mostly... and some.... Colonies can contain millions of ..
Mostly marine and some freshwater
Colonies can contain millions of zooids
What is Ectoprocta?
Individual is a zooid usually <1 mm in size
Ciliated lophophore feeding structure
Distinct alimentary canal
Muscles for retracting lophophore
Marine species secrete calcite
Ectoprocta
lophophore
Brachiopoda (lamp shells) are called?
Marine "worm" with dorsal and ventral shell
Brachiopoda shells are made of what?
Part chitin and part Ca+ carbonate or phosphate
Shells on top of a stalk called a
pedicle
Brachiopoda live? s... and... b
Marine Sessile, and benthic
Diagram of Brachiopoda
Permian Extinction
Triassic extinction (one of the species extinctions) There are tens of thousands of species recognized
Permian Extinction
Rugose Corals
Extinction of Conulariids
Late Triassic