Animals - 326

Phylum Porifera - Metazoa

Sponges

Phylum Ctenophora

Comb Jellies

Phylum Cnidaria
What are the 4 classes

Hydrozoa - Hydra and Portuguese man of war
Scyphozoa - Jellyfish and Sea nettles
Cubozoa - Box Jellies and Sea Wasps
Anthozoa - Sea anemone, most coral, sea fans

Phylum Platyhelminthes are...

Flat worms

Phylum Platyhelminthes 4 classes

Turbellaria - free-living flatworm, eg Planaria
Monogenaea - primarily ectoparasites of fish
Trematoda - trematodes or fluke
Cestoda - tapeworms

Phylum Ectoprocta are..

Bryozoans or Moss Animals

Phylum Brachiopoda are

Lamp shells

Phylum Nemertea are...

Ribbon worms

Phylum Annelida = Segmented worms
What are the 3 classes

Oligochaeta - earthworms
Polychaeta - Polychaeta
Hirudinea - leeches

What makes an animal?

-Eukaryotic
-Multicellular (mostly)
-Heterotrophic

Choanoflagellates are...

Closest living relatives to animals

Choanoflagellates can form colonies through ... meaning...

aggregation of individuals

Two Choanoflagellates merge together to form
-single cell organisms

What is the process of Choanoflagellates forming a colony?

solitary - alone
Thecate - recruit bacteria to environmental surfaces surrounding the base of the theca stalk.

Some Choanoflagellates form colonies through...

Cell division

Phylum Porifera are ...
Live?
Movement?
Eating?

Sponges
Marine, freshwater
Sessile
Benthic suspension feeders

Choanoflagellate are the closest relative to animals

What is the process in sponges? What is it made up of and function?

Osculum - a large aperture in a sponge through which water is expelled.

Spongeocoal - large, central cavity of sponges

Porocytes - control the amount of water that enters pores

Amoebocyte - delivering nutrients from choanocytes to other cells within the sponge, giving rise to eggs for sexual reproduction

Phagocytosis - the ingestion of bacteria

Mesophyll - had Amoebocyte

Sclerocytes are the hard parts that make up the sponges - specialized cells that secrete the mineralized structures in the body wall of some invertebrates.

Spicule - the structural components of a sponge, or the bricks - made of calcium carbonate or silica

Choanocyte

create the active pumping of water through the sponge

Collar - nutrients are absorbed into the sponge

Spicules secreted by ...

sclerocytes

Spongocytes make... which are...

Spongin - fibrous substance found in the skeleton of many sponges

What are sponges vulnerable to? 2

Sponge Grazers - Angelfishes, Filefishes, Parrotfishes

- Eukaryotes, bacteria, and viruses

How do sponges defends themselves?... and..

Secondary metabolites (secrets particles)
Trade-offs

Secondary Metabolites

secrets particles

in sponges:
Antimicrobial
Antiviral
Antifungal
Antiprotozoal
Anticancer

Trade-offs

arise when you have limitations

-a condition in which an increase in the performance of one trait causes a decrease in the performance of another, given the limited amount of available resource

Eumetazoa - Animal with "true tissues"

Ctenophora

What is Ctenophora phylum

Comb jellies

What is the diagram of Comb jellies (5)

Mesoglea
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Internal cavity
Mouth/anus

Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) are...
All... and mostly....
Has eight combs of ... that ...the animal

All marine and pelagic

Pelagic - occurring in the open sea

Has eight combs of cilia that propel the animal

Phylum Cnidaria have...4

Jellies, corals, hydras, anemones

Cnidaria live in...

Marine and Freshwater

Cnidaria have nematocyst which are...

a specialized cell in the tentacles of a jellyfish containing a venomous coiled thread that can be projected in self-defense or to capture prey.

What are the parts of Cnidaria nematocysts

-Tentacle
-Trigger
-Nematocyst (The Capsule)
-Coiled thread
-Cnidocyte (stinging cells)

What are the Basic Cnidarian body plans for Polyp and Medusa

Gastrovascular - primary organ of digestion and circulation

Gastrodermis - the inner layer of cells that serves as a lining membrane of the gastrovascular cavity

What are the 4 classes of Cnidarians?

Anthozoans
Hydrozoans
Scyphozoans
Cubozoans

Anthozoas are (2)

Sea anemones, corals

Anthozoas
Live in?
what stage?
Sexual or asexual or both?
most...

All marine
Polyp stage only (medusa absent)
Most Sessile and Colonial
Asexual or sexual polyp

Anthozoans have exoskeletons made up of what?

Calcium Carbonate

What is Coral Bleaching?

changes in ph, killing corals, leaving behind the exoskeleton of anthozoans

Mutualism endosymbiosis

Between corals and zooxanthellae (protist) has an endosymbiosis relationship from corals.

What are the 4 classes of Cnidarians

Anthozoans
Hydrozoans
Scyphozoans
Cubozoans

What is the Cnidarian Life Cycle?

What is a polyp - non-motile with cylindircal body and long stalk (Polyps generally reproduce asexually (by budding))

Medusas are free swimming, umbrella-shaped and have a reduced stalk

Gonad - organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary

Planula - free-swimming coelenterate larva with a flattened, ciliated, solid body.

Hydrozoans are...

Hydras, Portuguese man of war

Hydrozoans
Lives in?
has what stage?

Most marine, few freshwater

Polyp and medusa stage in most species

Scyphozoans:

Medusa Jellies

Scyphozoans
live in..

All marine
Mostly medusa with Polyp reduced

Cubozoans:

Sea wasps (box Jelly)

Cubozoans are ...

mostly medusa with polyp reduced

Box shaped medusa

lecture 2

Cnidarian phylogeny and life cycle summary

Animal Symmetry

Radiata mean...

Radial symmetry

Bilateria

Bilateral Symmetry

Cephalization

anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo's development.

What class is Radiata and Diploblastic
What class is Bilateria and Triploblastic

Ctenophora
Cnidria

What are the two Tissues types?

Diploblastic
Triploblastic

Diploblastic?

2 layers of living cells: ectoderm, endoderm

Triploblastic?

3 layers of living cells: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Endoderm?

Gives rise to liver, pancreas, lungs, and lining of digestive tract

Mesoderm

Gives rise to: notochord, lining of coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of circulatory system

Notochord?

The notochord is a rod-like embryological structure, which plays a vital role in the development of the vertebrate

Ectoderm

Gives rise to: outer covering, nervous system components in some phyla, inner ear, lens of eye.

What is the Coelomate Body Plan?

Triploblastic
Coelom
Endoderm
Ectoderm
mesoderm

Pseudocoelomate Body plan?

Triploblastic
Pseudocoelom - no body cavity
Endoderm - digestive tract.
Ectoderm - body covering
mesoderm - muscle layer

Acoelomate Body Plan?

Triploblastic

Who is in the Lophotrochozoa?

Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Mollusua
Annelida

Lophotrochozoa

Platyhelminthes are..

Flatworms

Ectoprocta

Bryozoans

Brachiopoda

Brachiopods or lamp shells

Annelida

Segmented worms

Nemertea

Ribbon worms

Mollusca

Snails, clams, squid octopus

What are the 4 classes of Platyhelminthes

turbellaria
Monogenea
Trematoda
Cestoda

Turbellaria

Gastrovascular cavity - two-way digestive tract with a single opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus for the animal.

Pharynx
Ganglia - clusters of nerve cells
Eyespots
Ventral nerve cord - a chain of connected segmental ganglia

Turbellaria (dugesia)
Reproduce.... and...
Models for...
Can completely regenerate with as little as ... of the animal
Turbellaria are ... and ...

Reproduce sexually and asexually
Models for regeneration
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Terrestrial and Marine

Monogenea are what?
Are the free-living?

Parasites that hook on to fish gills
Free-living and ectoparasitic

Ectoparasitic

parasite lives outside the body of the host.

What are Trematoda?
Endoparasites or ectoparasitic
... life cycle
... host?

Endoparasites
Complex life cycle
Multiple host?

Ribeiroia life cycle?

Blood Fluke Schistosoma?

1. Mature flukes live in the blood vessels of the human intestine

2. Blood flukes reproduce sexually in the human host. Fertilized eggs exit host in feces

3. Eggs develop in water into ciliated larvae. Larvae infect snails

4. Asexual reproduction within snail results in another type of motile larva

5. Larvae penetrate skin and blood vessel of human

cestoda
Are endoparasites or ectoparasites
...life cycle
can use ... host

Endoparasite
Complex life cycle
Can use multiple host

Cestoda are...
Proglottids are...
Scolex are...

Tapeworms
Reproductive structures
Hooks and sucker

What is Disease Taeniasis?

Pork tapeworm
Beef tapeworm

Pork tape worm and Beef tapeworm create what diseases?

Cysticercosis
Neurocysticercosis

What is this?

bryozoans

lophotrochozoans are...

lophotrochozoans are triploblastic

What is lophophore

ring of tentacles

What are in the Lophotrochozoa

Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Mollusca
Annelida

What has lophophore? 2

Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda

Ectoprocta: Bryozoans (moss animals) are..
mostly... and some....
Colonies can contain millions of ..

Mostly marine and some freshwater

Colonies can contain millions of zooids

What is Ectoprocta?

Individual is a zooid usually

Ectoprocta

lophophore

Brachiopoda (lamp shells) are called?

Marine "worm" with dorsal and ventral shell

Brachiopoda shells are made of what?

Part chitin and part Ca+ carbonate or phosphate

Shells on top of a stalk called a

pedicle

Brachiopoda
live?
s... and... b

Marine
Sessile, and benthic

Diagram of Brachiopoda

Permian Extinction

Triassic extinction (one of the species extinctions)
There are tens of thousands of species recognized

Permian Extinction

Rugose Corals

Extinction of Conulariids

Late Triassic