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Koch's Postulate
Series of tests used to prove a microbe causes a disease
The microorganism must be found in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not in healthy organisms.
The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
The microorganism must be again isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as identical to the original specific causative agent.
Genetic Engineering
Intentional modification of an organism's genetic material
Vector
Vehicle that transports a gene to a cell
Germline Gene Therapy vs Somatic Gene Therapy
G: Alters the DNA of a gamete or fertilized ovum -> all cells, would be passed down
S: targets the cells that an illness affects -> only the patient being treated
How do scientists know which vector to use?
To decide what to use scientists look at what best fits their use, (efficiency, length, responses, etc)
In Vivo
Gene and vector are inserted directly into the body (more invasive)
Ex Vivo
Cells altered outside the body and then injected into the bloodstream
What is the purpose and how does CRISPR work?
CRISPR is used to cut DNA at a certain location. CRISPR splices out a copy of DNA and runs it with Cas9 until it finds a match and then removes the affected region
Pros of CRISPR
Cure diseases, create organisms better suited for human use
Cons of CRISPR
Considered unethical, misuse could be dangerous
GMO
A GMO is a genetically modified organism whose genetic material has been modified using genetic engineering.
Genetically Modified vs Spontaneous Mutation
Genetically modified is deliberate and unnatural modification (genetic engineering) Spontaneous mutation is a natural difference in the genetic sequence
Pros of GMOs
Cost-effective, higher crop yields, healthier, resistant to stressors
Cons of GMOs
Harm organisms, human health concerns, environmental impact
Electrophoresis Machine
Separates DNA molecules using electrical currents
Analyzing DNA with Electrophoresis
Separates DNA molecules based on size and charge for analysis (like fragmentation)
Restriction Enzyme
Enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences
Blunt Ends
Equal sides with no unpaired bases, can be joined to other blunt fragments (tends to be nonspecific since there are no sticky ends as recognition sites.)
Sticky Ends
One side longer with unpaired bases, can be joined to other sticky ends (joins are specific to recognition sites)