chapter 1 AP

Anatomy

Study of structure

Physiology

Study of function

Body organized

Interdependent levels of organization

First level

Atomic

Atomic level

Atoms combine forming molecules. (Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon)

Second level

Cellular

Cellular level

Molecules form organelles

Organelles

Small parts inside cell that perform a specific function (lysosomes, Nucleus)

Biological molecules

Lipids (fats), Carbohydrates (Sugars), Proteins, Nucleic acid.

Third level

Tissue

Tissue

Groups of cells with a primary function.

Fourth level

Organ system

Organ system

Organs work together to perform a function (Cardiovascular system)

Fifth level

Organ system

Sixth level

Organism

Organism

Multiple organ system that maintain the life form.

Homeostasis

Equilibrium, balance. Requires homeostatic apparatus (or mechanism to create homeostasis)

1. Receptor (Thermometer)

Sense a stimulus

2. Control center (Thermostat)

Receives information from receptor with respect to stimulus

3. Effector (Air Conditioner)

Responds to control centers response.

Feedback

Control of biological Reactions by the end product of those reactions.

Negative feedback

Stimulus caused receptor to send information to control center producing a response that eliminates the original stimulus. Something good! (Shivering because cold/ sweating because hot)

Positive feedback

Stimulus causes receptor to send information to control center producing a response that enhances the original stimulus. (Can only be good in certain occasions like blood clotting and pregnancy contractions because makes more!)

Anatomical landmarks

Palpable structures serving as landmarks for identification.

Anatomical regions

Important regions to describe area of interest or injury.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Formed by imaginary intersecting lines at umbilical.

Abdominopelvic Regions

Precise terms to describe location and orientation of organs.

Correct way to see patient

Right and left switch

Anatomical directions

Directional terms.

Anterior/Ventral

Front of body

Posterior/Dorsal

Back of body

Lateral

Away from midline

Medial

Towards midline

Proximal

Toward point of attachment

Distal

Away from point of attachment

Transverse plane

At a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body, dividing it into superior and inferior sections. Horizontal

Frontal plane

Parallel to longitudinal axis of the body; dividing it into anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal parts

Sagittal plane

Parallel to longitudinal axis of the body, dividing it into left and right sections.

Body cavities

Chambers Linder by serous membranes that enclose viscera (internal organs). Protect viscera and enable distention (enlargement) and reduced friction.

Ventral body cavity

Protects numerous organs. Separated by muscle diaphragm.

Thoracic cavity

Contains heart. Superior to diaphragm.

Right and left pleural cavities

Surround right and left lungs individually. Lined by pleurae (double layered membrane)

Mediastinum

Connective tissue (fills in space and connects) separates pleural cavities from trachea and esophagus.

Pericardial cavity

Chamber surrounds heart, lined by pericardium.

What separates pericardial and Abdominopelvic cavity?

Diaphragm

Abdominopelvic cavity

inferior to diaphragm

Abdominal cavity

Contains digestive organs, lined by peritoneum.

Pelvic cavity

Contains urogenital organs, lined by peritoneum