Cell Metabolism in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

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Last updated 5:30 PM on 8/17/26
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28 Terms

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  1. Lower Epidermis

  2. Upper Epidermis

  3. Cuticle

  4. Cuticle

  5. Mesophyll

  6. Palisade

  7. Spongy

  8. Guard Cell

  9. Stoma

  10. Chloroplast

  11. Vacuole

  12. Cell Wall

  13. Nucleus

  14. Cytoplasm



Parts of the plant cell:

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  1. Mesophyll Tissue

  2. Palisade Mesophyll

  3. Spongy Mesophyll

  4. Chloroplast Abundance



Leaf Tissue Adaptation:

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Mesophyll Tissue

The primary site of plant photosynthesis located between the upper and lower epidermis


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Palisade Mesophyll

Columnar cells packed enticaty benear the upper epidermis to maximize light absorption.


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Spongy Mesophyll

Loosely arranged cels with air spaces that facilitate gas exchange

(CO, and O,)

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Chloroplast Abundance

A single mesophyll cell typically houses 30 to 40 individual chloroplasts

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  1. Xylem

  2. Phloem


Vascular Bundle/Tissues:

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  1. Inner Membrane

  2. Outer Membrane

  3. Thylakoid

  4. Intermembrane Space

  5. Granum

  6. Stroma Lamellae

  7. Stroma


Parts of the Chloroplast:

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Phloem

Transports food particle


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Xylem

Transports water upwards

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Chloroplast


Found only in plant cells

• Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll

• Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants make food

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  1. Photosynthesis

  2. Cellular Respiration


Thylakoid:

Mitochondria:

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  1. Inner and Outer Membrane

  2. Stroma

  3. Thylakoid System

  4. Grana Architecture


Ultrastructure of the Chloroplast Double-Membrane Bounded Organelle

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Inner and Outer Membrane

Smooth lipid bilayers separated by a thin intermembrane space regulating molecular transport.

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Stroma

Gel-like fluid matrix containing enzymes, circular chloroplast DNA, and ribosomes for carbon fixation.

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Thylakoid System

Internal flattened membrane discs containing photosynthetic machinery and chlorophyll pigments.

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Grana Architecture

Thylakoids stacked like coins (singular: granum) interconnected by stroma lamellae.

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  1. Radio

  2. Microwave

  3. Infrared

  4. Visible Light

  5. Ultraviolet

  6. X-ray

  7. Gamma Ray


Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Photons

Light energy

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Violet

380 nm

High Energy

High Frequency

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Red

750 nm

Low Energy

Low

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  1. Double Membrane System

  2. Intermembrane Space

  3. Cristae Infoldings

  4. Mitochondrial Matrix


Mitochondrial Structure

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Double Membrane System

Smooth outer membrane and highly folded inner membrane.

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Intermembrane Space

Fluid-filled region between membranes that acts as a H* reservoir during ATP synthesis.

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Cristae Infoldings

Extensive inner membrane folds that dramatically increase functional surface area.

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Mitochondrial Matrix

Central fluid containing enzymes, circular mIDNA, and 70S ribosomes.

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