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Photosynthesis
The conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
Autotrophs
Organisms that produce their own food from simple substances in their surroundings.
Heterotrophs
Organisms unable to make their own food, relying on other organisms for sustenance.
Cyanobacteria
Early prokaryotic organisms capable of photosynthesis that oxygenated Earth's atmosphere.
Chloroplast
Organelle where photosynthesis occurs, found in the mesophyll of leaves.
Stomata
Pores in leaves that allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit.
Thylakoids
Membranous structures within chloroplasts that form stacks known as grana.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
A molecule that carries energy within cells, produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Calvin Cycle
The set of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that reduces CO2 to sugar (G3P) using ATP and NADPH.
Photorespiration
A process occurring in hot conditions where plants close stomata, leading to reduced CO2 and increased O2, resulting in no sugar production.
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