Cell Cycle

interphase

phase between cell divisions, replication of DNA, ongoing normal cell activities, preparation of cell division

mitosis

series of events that leads to the production of two cells by division of a mother cell into two daughter cells, cells are genetically identical; PMAT

cytokinesis

division of cell cytoplasm

G1

first gap phase, cell carries out normal activities

S

synthesis phase, DNA is replicated

G2

second gap phase, preparation for division

G0

what cells in a resting phase that are not actively dividing or that do not divide enter this

DNA replication

copy DNA is preparation for mitosis, DNA strands separate, old strands become templates for new, two identical DNA molecules are formed

DNA polymerase

what DNA synthesis is catalyzed by

DNA ligase

what splices Okazaki fragments

diploid

number of chromosomes in all but sex cells

haploid

number of chromosomes in sex cells

prophase

chromatin condenses, centrioles migrate to each pole

prometaphase

spindle fibers extend from centrioles to centromeres of chromosomes and attach to the kinetochore, nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear

metaphase

chromosomes are aligned at the nuclear equator

anaphase

spindles separate from the chromatids that move to opposite poles, cytokinesis begins

telophase

chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, cytokinesis continues

cytokinesis

cytoplasmic division, separate process from mitosis

apoptosis

programmed cell death to maintain normal cell numbers, removal of excess tissue, removal of damaged or potentially dangerous cells, virus infected cells, potential cancer cells, regulated by specific genes that produce proteins that initiate cell changes that lead to cell death

macrophages

ingest cell fragments

aging on cell effects

cellular clock, death genes, DNA damage, free radials, mitochondrial damage