Student RDH micro+immunology part 3

Timing (sequence)

This refers to how the position of cariogenic foods in meals or in between meals affects pH.

Caries prevention

Saliva stimulation, fluoride therapy, sealants, dietary modifications, management of pH. Thesea re all methods of:

4.5-5.5

critical pH for enamel demineralization is between —.— and —.—

Gram positive and non motile (non moving)

In periodontal health, these 2 type of bacteria are prevalent.

Gingivitis

When the periodontium is in this state, there is an almost equal ratio of gram positive to gram negative bacteria.

Supragingival biofilm

This type of biofilm (sub or supra?) is mainly gram-positive aerobic bacteria: composed of Streptococci, Actinomyces, filamentous bacteria, yeast, and Lactobaccilus.

Subgingival biofilm

This type of biofilm (sub or supra?) is mainly gram-negative anaerobic and motile bacteria.: Actinomyces, T. forsythia, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, P. Intermedia, P. Endodontalis, or P. Nigrescens.

Pregnancy induced

This type of gingivitis or periodontitis is characterized by P. intermedia.

Transmissible by the oral cavity.

What do the following pathogens have in common:

HIV, HBV, HVC, Herpes simplex type 1 and 2, HPV, VZV, EBV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema pallidum, Bordetella pertussis, mumps virus, poliovirus, influenza viruses, measles virus, Rubella virus, groups A streptococci, Candida albicans, streptococcus pneumoniae.

Tonsils and thymus

The immune system is the body’s natural defence system that helps fight infections. It is composed of antibodies, white blood cells, chemicals, and proteins that attack and destroy microorganisms. The immune system also includes the ————— and ————— where antibodies are produced. The basics of the immune system is the body’s skin, mucus (including saliva) and stomach acids.

Phagocytes

This is the body's first line of defence against infections.

Antigen

Any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it. This may be a foreign substance from the environment such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen. These may also be formed inside the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells.

Antibody

Also known as an Immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The ——————— recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent (antigen).

Mast cells

In the event of injury or invasion of pathogens, these cells located in the connective tissue release histamine. Vasodilation occurs. This process allows for white blood cells to travel to the site of injury.

Phagocytes

Cells that can ingest and digest microorganisms. Ex: PMNs (neutrophils), and macrophages (monocytes).

PMNs (neutrophils)

Phagocyte. The first line of defence against microorganisms. Therefore, these are the most prevalent cells in acute inflammation. Accounts for about 60% of all WBCs. Contain many granules called lysosomes filled with bactericidal digestive enzymes. Pus contains many dead —.—.—.

Macrophages (monocytes)

Phagocyte. Called macrophages when they are located in the tissues, and monocytes when found in the bloodstream. Macrophages engulf (eat) the intruder. Macrophages arrive at the infection site slower than PMNs, therefore, macrophages are often the most numerous cell in chronic infection. Account for about 5% of all WBCs.

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

The body has special protein on its surface called MCH1, if it’s infected, it stops making this protein. When these cells detect abnormality, they poke it and kill it by apoptosis.

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that recognizes and controls foreign invaders (antigens). Accounts for about 20-40% of all white blood cells. Can be B or T

B-lymphocytes (plasma cells)

This type of lymphocyte is associated with humoral immunity (antibody-mediated specific immunity). They bind to, fragment, and engulf antigens. Secrete antibodies (aka immunoglobulins) that neutralize and recognize microorganisms. Antibodies are specific to each type of foreign substance.

IgG

This immunoglobulin (antibody) is the most common antibody.

IgA

This immunoglobulin (antibody) lines the body surfaces and provides protection from microorganisms. Found in saliva, tears, respiratory tract, etc.

IgM

This immunoglobulin (antibody) is the first type of antibody made in response to an infection. Stimulates the production of IgG.

IgE

This immunoglobulin (antibody) causes the body to have “allergic” reactions.

IgD

This immunoglobulin (antibody) recognizes antigens.

T-lymphocytes

This type of lymphocyte is associated with cell-mediated immune response, intesify the response of other immune cells.

Inflammatory mediators

These activate the body’s inflammatory response and transmit signals. Ex: cytokines, prostaglandins, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), collagenases, and TNF.

Cytokines

An inflammatory mediator that transmits signals to the immune system to send phagocytic cells to the site of infection. Produced by many different cells including, PMNs, macrophages, B lymphocytes, etc. ———————— interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interkeukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF - plays an important role in bone resorption). TNF and THESE play an important role in destruction of the periodontium.

Prostaglandins

—————————— of the E series (PGE) also play an important role in bone destruction. Seen in periodontitis.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

Inflammatory mediator. 12 different enzymes that play a role in breakdown of the connective tissue of the periodontium.

B lymphocytes (plasma cells)

This type of lymphocyte is associated with humoral immunity. Specific immunity.

T-lymphocytes

These cells are associated with the cell-mediated immune response. Intensify the response of other immune cells.