NEBB ETS Chapter 1 Notes

History

What was the first practical friction match and when was it invented?

The Jones Lucifers, invented in 1827.

What was the Phosphoric Candle or Ethereal Match?

A piece of paper tipped with phosphorous enclosed in a glass tube that ignited when the tube was broken.

What was the pocket Luminary match?

A two-part match with a bottle coated with phosphorous and a wooden splint tipped with sulfur.

What was the Instantaneous Light Box match?

A two-part match that used wooden splints tipped with potassium chlorate ignited by dipping into sulfuric acid.

What percentage of mankind's history did early man live in caves?

Over 80% of the 50,000 years.

What advancements in fire starting methods were made after the discovery of flint?

Using steel instead of pyrite to create sparks.

How did fire impact the development of early human civilization?

It provided a limitless supply of energy essential for survival and development.

What was the Jones Lucifer match made of?

A wood splint tipped with a chemical compound containing antimony sulfide.

How was the Jones Lucifer match ignited?

By drawing it through the folds of a special paper furnished with the match box.

What was a significant drawback of the Jones Lucifer match?

The fumes given off were vile and poisonous.

What innovation marked the prototype of the present-day match?

A compound containing phosphorus instead of sulfide was used for the top, allowing it to be ignited by striking it anywhere.

How did Romans typically heat their homes?

By using open fire pans or braziers in the center of the room.

What was the unique heating method used by early Persians?

An iron stove sunk in the earth beneath a central opening in the floor.

What was the Roman Hypocaust system?

A form of floor panel radiant heating with flues or heating chambers under the floor connected to a furnace.

What was the purpose of the flues in the Roman Hypocaust system?

To allow hot products of combustion to flow into the underfloor heating chamber and through the walls.

What method did the Romans use to heat water for baths?

Bronze pipe coils placed in the connected flue between underfloor heating chambers and the furnace.

How did the introduction of chimneys change heating in homes?

It allowed each room to have a fireplace, enabling smaller rooms and lower ceilings.

When did chimneys become commonly used in England?

By the 16th century.

What fuels were primarily used for heating in the 16th and 17th centuries?

Wood, peat, and charcoal.

When did coal begin to be used as a fuel source?

In the latter part of the 17th century due to a shortage of wood.

What furniture was used to mitigate discomfort from drafts in front of fireplaces?

An English settee.

What was the next major change in heating after the wooden bench?

The introduction of the stove.

What ancient civilization is known to have created a brick stove that retained heat?

The ancient Chinese.

How did the ancient Chinese stove function during the day and night?

It heated rooms during the day and served as a warm bed at night.

What materials were ornate cast iron stoves in Germany made from during the 18th century?

They had a cast iron base and porcelain tiles, predominantly yellow and brown or blue and white.

Who is often credited with making significant improvements to the stove?

Benjamin Franklin.

What was the name of the innovative fireplace invented by Benjamin Franklin?

The Pennsylvania Fireplace.

What was a major concern for Benjamin Franklin regarding fuel?

The scarcity and increasing cost of fuel, particularly wood.

What did Franklin's study of house heating lead to?

The invention of the Pennsylvania Fireplace, which provided great fuel economy.

Describe the original design of the Franklin Stove.

It consisted of a cast iron stove in the fireplace opening with the front projecting into the room, and the upper part was enclosed like a hood.

What were Box Stoves designed like?

They were box-shaped with cast iron sides, top, and bottom, featuring a fire door in front and a smoke pipe connection at the back.

What improvements were made to early Box Stoves in the 19th century?

They included an ash receptacle and improved draft control with an adjustable opening under the fire.

Why were early stoves considered inefficient?

They lacked sufficient heating surface.

How did stove designers increase the heating surface of stoves?

By using unique and ornamental designs.

What are Cannon Stoves also known as, and what is their shape?

Cannon Ball Stoves, which are round instead of square.

Where were Cannon Stoves primarily used?

In meeting halls, churches, and courtrooms.

What fuel was commonly used in stoves during the transition from wood?

Anthracite coal, which was abundant in Pennsylvania and other eastern states.

What was the design feature of the Baseburner stove?

It had windows covered with mica to allow the burning coals to cast a ruddy glow.

What problem arose from the improper design of the Baseburner stove's magazine?

The accumulation of gas, which led to explosions.

What was the purpose of the pan of water on the back of the Baseburner stove?

To provide humidification.

When did warm air heating systems first appear, and where?

In England around 1792.

What type of stove was used in the first warm air heating systems?

The Cockle stove.

What was the function of the pipes and flues in the warm air heating system?

To circulate air through the system by gravity.

What material was the Cockle stove made of?

Cast iron with thick and heavy walls.

What is the modern equivalent of the Cockle stove?

A direct fired heat exchanger.

What is a 'cockle' in the context of early heating systems?

A 'cockle' refers to a heat exchanger enclosed in a brick casing with space for air circulation.

How did the cockle heating system circulate heated air?

Heated air was conveyed in pipes from the top of the brick enclosure to the rooms.

What was the Bernhardt System of Heating Air?

It was an early warm air furnace consisting of a long, flat stove adjacent to a high brick enclosure serving as a hot air chamber.

How did the Bernhardt System deliver warm air to rooms?

Outdoor cold air was piped into the bottom of the enclosure, warmed by flues, and then delivered through pipes from the top.

What criticism did early warm air furnaces face regarding air quality?

They were criticized for heating surfaces exceeding 1000°F, which could deteriorate the air, making it unhealthy to breathe.

What issue was noted regarding room air stratification in early heating systems?

Air entered rooms at high temperatures, rising to the ceiling and leaving lower areas cold, causing discomfort and health risks.

What was a common concern about the efficiency of early warm air heating systems?

High temperatures in the smoke pipe gases indicated inefficiency, prompting suggestions for improvements.

What innovation did heating engineers implement to improve the Cockle Stove?

They added cast iron ribs projecting from the surface to increase heating surface area and reduce surface temperature.

When was the first warm air furnace manufactured in the US?

The first warm air furnace was manufactured in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1835.

What materials were early warm air furnaces primarily made of?

They were all made of cast iron.

What design features did early furnace manufacturers use to enhance heating efficiency?

They used diverting flues, air tubes, projecting studs, and fins in the combustion chamber.

What fuel predominated in the heating industry between 1850 and 1900?

Coal was the predominant fuel used in heating systems.

How did soft coal furnaces differ from anthracite furnaces?

Soft coal furnaces required special considerations, including fire pots with internal ribs slotted for better air penetration.

What was the 'combination heater' in furnace design?

A 'combination heater' could heat part of the house with warm air and the rest with either steam or hot water.

What unique feature did some firepots have to aid in burning soft coal?

Some firepots had exaggerated corrugations in the wall to facilitate air penetration.

What was the 'Porcupine Pot' in early furnace design?

The 'Porcupine Pot' had quills cast into the outside surface to enhance its design.

What was a significant drawback of the early warm air systems regarding temperature distribution?

They often resulted in uneven temperatures between rooms, with some areas becoming uncomfortably warm.

What was the primary concern regarding the health effects of air heated by early furnaces?

The high temperatures of heating surfaces were believed to vitiate or decompose the air, posing health risks.

What was the purpose of the openings at the bottom of the cockle's brick enclosure?

They allowed cold air to enter the system for heating.

What was the purpose of the 'cold room' in early heating systems?

It was a small room with an open window where cold air supply pipes or ducts terminated.

What change occurred in the heating industry regarding outdoor air connections since the 1970s?

The industry began recommending that some outdoor air be brought into the house through the heating system.

What type of system was primarily used before the introduction of forced air systems?

Gravity systems.

What innovation did some dealers add to gravity systems to improve heating?

A blower fan.

What was a significant problem with the early furnace fans introduced around 1920?

They could not move enough air against the static pressures encountered.

What did laboratory tests at the University of Illinois Research Residence in the early 1920s suggest?

Improving heating performance through the circulation of large quantities of air by means of a multi-vane blower.

What were some mechanical distribution problems faced by early heating systems?

1) Speed of the blower, 2) nonadjustable pulley, 3) inaccurate fan controls, 4) poor fan control settings.

What was the primary function of the blower fan in early forced air systems?

To circulate air through the heating system.

What role do automatic temperature controls play in HVAC systems?

They contribute to the efficiency and functionality of modern HVAC systems.

Who made the steam engine a practical machine and in what year?

James Watt in 1769.

What was the first steam heating system installed and when?

The first system was installed in 1742 with a crude cast iron boiler and copper pipes.

What was a significant drawback of the first steam heating system?

It filled rooms with steam and vapor, making it impractical.

Who invented significant improvements in boiler construction around 1860?

Samuel Gold

What was a major limitation of early boilers before Gold's inventions?

Most boilers had a single water compartment, requiring new boilers for different heating capacities.

How did Gold's invention improve boiler safety?

By allowing boilers to be fabricated from individual cast iron sections, minimizing the risk of catastrophic explosions.

What invention around 1910 improved water circulation in heating systems?

The heat generator, which allowed water to flow into the expansion tank only when pressure exceeded 10 pounds (69 kPa).

When was radiant panel heating first used in the US?

In 1928.

What ancient heating method is similar to modern radiant heating?

The Roman Hypocaust.

What issues did early radiant heating installations face?

Floors became too hot, and ceilings were oppressively warm.

What ancient civilizations used man-powered fans for ventilation?

Romans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Chinese.

What was the punka and where did it originate?

A large fan operated manually by pulling a rope, originating in India.

Who built a water-driven fan for ventilation in the 15th century?

Leonardo da Vinci.

What early cooling concept originated from India?

Hanging wetted grass mats over wall openings to cool air.

How much did air temperature drop using the evaporative cooling method in India?

20°F to 30°F (11.1°C to 16.7°C).

What innovative ventilating system did Sir Christopher Wren design in 1660?

A gravity exhaust ventilating system.

What was the purpose of the centrifugal fan proposed by Desaqulier?

To supply air for cooling to the lower decks of naval vessels.

What significant ventilation system was introduced to the House of Parliament in 1836?

A supply air and exhaust air system of ventilation using fans driven by steam engines.

How was air treated in the 1836 ventilation system for the House of Parliament?

The air was treated with water sprays for cooling and humidification, and additional cooling was provided by purchased ice.

What change in technology occurred that affected fan design in mines?

The change from slow speed steam engine drives to electric motor drives, leading to smaller, high-speed fans.

By what year were centrifugal fans being used for ventilation systems in larger buildings?

By 1870.

What historical figure is noted for a sketch of a water-powered fan?

Leonardo da Vinci.

What was Georgius Agricola known for?

He was an educator and author of 'De Re Metallica', a book on mining and metallurgy.

What significant achievement did Carrier accomplish in the heating and ventilating industry?

He formed the first research laboratory in the heating and ventilating industry.

What was one of Carrier's first major projects related to?

Humidity control.

How did Carrier adapt atomizing nozzles for his humidity control project?

He developed eliminators for air washers to control the dew point of the air by heating or chilling recirculated water.

What data did Carrier use to determine the dew point temperature for a printing process?

US Weather Bureau tables, the only reliable data on psychrometrics at the time.