Sociology chapter 7 vocab

Deviance

Behavior that violates societal norms or expectations, which can be either positive or negative.

Negative Deviance

Behavior that conforms to social norms but leads to disapproval or punishment, such as criminal activity.

Positive Deviance

Behavior that over conforms to social norms in a way that is viewed as exceptional or admirable.

Deviant

A person who engages in deviant behavior, differing from societal norms.

Social Control

Mechanisms, strategies, and institutions used to regulate individual behavior and maintain order.

Social Sanctions

Penalties or rewards used to enforce conformity to social norms.

Anomie

A state of normlessness or social instability caused by the breakdown of societal norms.

Strain Theory

A theory explaining deviance as the result of the tension between societal goals and available means.

Control Theory

A theory suggesting people refrain from deviance due to their bonds to society that encourage conformity.

Differential Association Theory

A theory that suggests individuals learn deviant behavior through interactions with others who are deviant.

Labeling Theory

A theory arguing deviance is not inherent in an act but results from society labeling behaviors as deviant.

Primary Deviance

Initial acts of deviance that do not lead to the individual being labeled as deviant.

Secondary Deviance

Deviant behavior that occurs after being labeled as deviant, integrating the label into one's identity.

Stigma

A negative label that affects social identity and can lead to discrimination or exclusion.

Victim Discounting

The tendency to view crimes against certain groups as less serious, leading to weaker punishments.

White-Collar Crime

Non-violent crimes committed in professional settings, typically involving financial fraud.

Crime

Any behavior that violates laws and is punishable by the government.

Criminal Justice System

The system of law enforcement, courts, and corrections that deals with crime and its repercussions.

Deterrence

A strategy to prevent crime by threatening punishment to discourage criminal behavior.

Retribution

A form of punishment ensuring criminals suffer consequences proportionate to their crimes.

Incarceration

The act of imprisoning individuals as punishment for their crimes.

Rehabilitation

Efforts aimed at reforming criminals so they can return to society as law-abiding citizens.

Recidivism

The tendency of convicted criminals to reoffend after being released from prison.

Restitution

A form of punishment where offenders compensate victims for their losses.