Evaluate the view that the franchise should be extended to those between 16-18. (30 marks)

Introduction

Franchise is the right to vote. It grants citizens the freedom to elect their representatives through the use of their voting rights. The historical context of the franchise, from ancient England to universal suffrage, reflects societal changes and struggles for democratic participation. In this essay it will be argued that the franchise should be extended to those between 16-18.

Point (para 1)

Lowering the voting age encourages civic engagement from an early age. It empowers young people, as well as strengthens democracy by fostering active and informed citizens.

Evidence/Explain (para 1)

By allowing 16-18 year olds to vote, we foster a sense of responsibility and participation in democratic processes. Youth engagement can lead to lifelong civil involvement. For example, the British Youth Council and The Body Shop collaborated on the Manifesto: New Era for Democracy: A Pathway to Votes at 16. This manifesto advocates for lowering the voting age to 16 across the UK. It emphasises authentic participation, unbiased political education, and inclusion of young people in the democratic system. By empowering young citizens, this initiative aims to foster lifelong civic engagement. Therefore, the franchise should be extended to those between 16-18 to encourage participation.

Counterpoint (para 1)

However, critics argue that young voters may lack the necessary understanding of complex political issues. For example, a study on young people's political engagement revealed that they often perceive politics as a "complex" and "dull" subject. Many did not actively seek information about political matters due to a lack of knowledge and understanding. Therefore, the franchise should not be extended to those between 16-18 as they will not be able to make an informed decision.

Mini-conclusion (para 1)

Despite this, while education is crucial, it is not exclusive to any age group. Providing comprehensive civic education can address this concern. For example, the All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for Political Literacy was established to enhance political education in schools.

Point (para 2)

Policies impact young people directly, especially in areas like education, climate change, and employment. Therefore, the franchise should be extended to those between 16-18 so they are able to be involved in making decisions over issues that are affecting them directly.

Evidence/Explain (para 2)

Issues such as student loans, environmental policies, and job prospects significantly affect 16-18 year olds. They deserve a say in shaping policies that impact their lives. There is evidence of financial challenges are arising due to the cost of living crisis, and affecting young people. For example, the Prince's Trust NatWest Youth Index 2024 highlighted that 49% of 16-25 year olds believed that the cost of living crisis had a worse impact on their lives than the pandemic. Financial pressures, including student loans and rising living costs, directly affect young people's well-being and prospects. Therefore, the franchise should be extended to those between 16-18 as young people deserve to have a say regarding decisions that are going to affect them.

Counterpoint (para 2)

However, skeptics contend that youth may not fully grasp the long-term consequences of their choices. For example, a survey conducted by the IPPR think tank revealed a dramatic loss in faith in the ability of British democracy to serve the interests of UK voters. The study traces growing dissatisfaction with democracies worldwide, including falling turnout and party memberships. The study showed that only 6% of voters in Great Britain believe their views significantly influence government policy decisions. Young people, while passionate about change, may not fully grasp the long-term consequences of disengagement or reliance on powerful interest groups. They may also not realise the impact that their vote has on decisions made. Therefore, the franchise should not be extended to 16-18 year olds as young voters need to have more awareness for the consequences of their choices before they navigate the complexities of democratic choices.

Mini-conclusion (para 2)

Despite this, encouraging informed decision-making through education can mitigate this risk. For example, the National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools developed a Rapid Evidence Service during the COVID-19 pandemic. This shows how education can empower decision-makers to consider long-term consequences.

Point (para 3)

Advocates argue that early voting experiences can foster lifelong habits, increasing voter turnout and engagement. Therefore, the franchise should be extended to those between 16-18 as it will increase the number of people voting in elections.

Evidence/explain (para 3)

Encouraging youth participation through education and outreach is essential to increasing voter turnout. For instance, in 2021, the Scottish Parliament made a significant decision by extending the franchise to 16 and 17 year olds for the Scottish Parliamentary elections. This move allowed young people in Scotland to vote in national elections, shaping polices and electing representatives. The extension of the franchise recognised the maturity and political awareness of 16-17 year olds and encouraged them to actively participate in democratic processes and express their views through the ballot box. The decision had a positive effect on voter turnout among young people. 75% of eligible 16-17 year olds registered to vote, and 54% actually voted. This turnout was higher than that of 18-24 year olds, demonstrating the positive impact of extending the franchise. Civic education programs in schools and colleges emphasised the importance of informed decision-making and active citizenship.

Counterpoint (para 3)

However, critics worry about low voter turnout among young people. Historically, 18-24 year olds have lower participation rates. Extending the franchise may not significantly improve this trend. For example, the 2019 General Election saw a turnout of around 47% among voters aged 18-24. This was a decrease of 7% compared to the 2017 election. The low turnout among young people suggests that simply extending the franchise to 16-18 year olds may not automatically lead to higher participation. Therefore, the franchise should not be extended to those between 16-18 to ensure meaningful participation.

Mini-conclusion (para 3)

Despite this, in the 2019 General Election, the turnout of 18-24 year olds had increased compared to previous elections. The central estimate suggests that turnout in this age group was four points higher in 2019 than in 2015. Therefore, the franchise should be extended to those between 16-18 as there is evidence that young voters actively participate, demonstrating their commitment to shaping the country's future, and extending the franchise would further increase the voting turnout amongst young people.