General Biology I (BIOL-101 Lecture) Study Guide

This collection of flashcards covers the essential concepts in General Biology I, focusing on cell structure, membrane function, metabolism, and transport mechanisms.

A cell is defined as __.

an organism's basic unit of structure and function.

Prokaryotic cells are typically __ in size compared to eukaryotic cells.

smaller (measured in micrometers, m).

The structures shared by every type of cell include __, __, and __.

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.

The general function of the structures shared by every type of cell is __.

to maintain and support cellular functions.

An organelle is defined as __.

a specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.

Two features that distinguish eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells are and .

a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Five structures specific to eukaryotic cells include __, __, __, __, and __.

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes.

Three structures found exclusively in plant cells are __, __, and __.

cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole.

The function of the cell wall in plant cells is __.

to provide structural support and protection.

The function of chloroplasts in plant cells is __.

to conduct photosynthesis.

The function of the large central vacuole in plant cells is __.

to maintain turgor pressure and store nutrients.

The process of protein secretion from a cell involves __, __, and __.

synthesis in the rough ER, packaging in the Golgi apparatus, and transport via vesicles.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts structurally both contain and .

double membranes and internal membranes.

The function of mitochondria is __, while the function of chloroplasts is __.

to generate ATP through cellular respiration; to convert solar energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis.

Microtubules are composed of and are involved in .

tubulin; maintaining cell shape and cell division.

The structure of microfilaments consists of and their functions include .

actin filaments; muscle contraction and cellular movement.

The term 'intracellular' refers to __.

something located within a cell.

The term 'extracellular' refers to __.

something located outside of a cell.

The term 'intercellular' refers to __.

the space or communication between cells.

An amphipathic molecule is one that has both and regions.

hydrophobic; hydrophilic.

Membrane fluidity is increased by __.

the presence of unsaturated fatty acids.

An integral membrane protein is __.

a protein that spans the lipid bilayer of a membrane.

Selective permeability means __.

a membrane allows certain molecules to pass while restricting others.

The movement of water by osmosis occurs __ when an animal cell is placed in 100% water.

into the cell.

Facilitated diffusion requires __ transport proteins.

two.

An example of a channel protein is __.

aquaporin.

One characteristic of passive transport is __.

it moves substances down their concentration gradient.

Active transport requires and moves substances their concentration gradient.

energy; against.

Exocytosis is a process where __.

a cell secretes molecules via vesicles.

Examples of exocytosis include __, __, and __.

secretion of insulin, release of neurotransmitters, exporting components.

Catabolic pathways are characterized by __, while anabolic pathways are characterized by __.

breaking down molecules; building up molecules.

Energy is defined as __.

the capacity to cause change.

Chemical energy and thermal energy are important types of __.

energy in biology.

A reaction with a Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of -2.1 kcal/mol is __.

exergonic.

A catalyst __.

speeds up a reaction.

An example of an enzyme cofactor is __.

a metal atom such as magnesium.

Feedback inhibition occurs when __.

the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.