A&P2

all of the following are produced by the liver except….

all of the following are produced by the liver except….

immunogobulins

which of the following is not involved in hemostasis?

leukocytes

hemoglobin…

combines its iron atoms with oxygen

anemia is caused by…

deficiency in RBCs

low oxygen levels in the kidney will induce…

erythropoiesis

the first phase of blood clotting activated by both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways involve the activation of…

prothrombin activator

in the ABO system of human blood classification

there are two possible antigens, designated A and B, either of them, both of them, or neither of them which may be found on the red blood cells

the beta cells in the pancreas respond primarily to …

humoral stimulation

which of the following is NOT a characteristics possessed by ALL endocrine tissues?

produces rapid, local, breif-duration responses to specific stimuli

steroid hormones…

all of the above (are lipids; combine with protein receptor molecules inside the cell; act by causing transcription of DNA to synthesize proteins)

which of the following is secreted by nerve fibers in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?

ADH

aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions and water by causing the kidneys to..

conserve sodium and therefore to also conserve water

target cells for releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus are in the…

anterior pituitary gland

the hormone that causes an increase in blood calcium is…

parathyroid hormone

a person with an abnormally high metabolic rate, who is underweight, and has protruding eyes is exhibiting symptoms of…

hyperthyroidism

an endemic goiter of the thyroid gland is most likely to affect people whose diet is deficient in…

iodine

a hormone is defined as a __________ and the target cell is defined as a ___________

substance that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that possesses specific receptors for hormone molecules

an increase in thyroid stimulating hormone in the blood causes…

release if T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland into the blood

the receptors for insulin are found…

on the membrane of cells throughout the body

an endocrine gland directly controlled by nerves is(are) the…

both b and c (posterior pituitary;adrenal medulla)

a person diagnosed with diabetes mellitus Type 1 would be a deficient in which of the following?

insulin

which of the following is NOT a function of the glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

maintenance of normal blood levels of sodium

the formation of all types of blood cells…

occurs in the red bone marrow

erythrocytes…

are non-nucleated, biconcave disks

after hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, what ultimately happens to the heme?

it is removed by the liver as bile pigments

the visocsity of blood is most directly affected by….

number of RBCs

which of the following is NOT a cause of anemia?

EPO abuse

acute bacterial infection and tissue destruction is usually characterized by an increase in the number of…

neutrophils

platelets are best described as…

cytoplasmic fragments of cells

the most abundant component of the plasma is…

water

of the following, the anticoagulant is…

heparin

the father is Rh- and the mother is Rh+. they have had three children without adverse problems due to the Rh factors. the mother is pregnant again. in terms of Rh factor, the risk to the fetus now within the uterus…

never was a problem

which of the following would lead to immunosuppression?

long term stress

the substance released by the kidney which controls red blood cell production is…

erythropoietin

in a studying group of cells it is noticed that when stimulated by a particular hormone there is a marked increase in activity of cyclic AMP in the cell. the hormone being studied is probably…

a peptide

propylthiouracil (PTU) is a drug that inhibits the production of thyroxine by blocking the attachment of iodine to tyrosine residues in the follicle cells of the thyroid gland (iodine thyrosines are linked together to form thyroxine). if you inject PTU into a normal rat which of the following will decrease?

basal metabolic rate

mike has discovered a new steroid hormone. which of the following is true regarding hormone?

will be bound to a transport protein in the blood

according to the article you read for your discussion group, “Understanding the growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the hispanic population living in the United States,” which of the following was NOT shown to be correlated to the incidence of type II diabetes mellitus?

gender

which of the following hormones is not synergistic to the other hormones?

insulin

an individual had become addicted to the drug that suppress the respiratory system. what effect would this have on the blood?

the number of erythrocytes would be elevated

plasma proteins that remain in the blood help to

maintain osmotic pressure in the blood

in an ECG pattern, the P wave is caused by

depolarization of atrial muscle fibers

the semi-lunar valves of the heart separate

the atrium from the vessels

blood in the right atrium will pass through the ________ into the ________

tricuspid valve; right ventricle

the factor(s) that will affect blood pressure is (are)

all of the above (stroke volume, viscosity of blood, peripheral resistance)

normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

closure of the heart valve

if the parasympathetic nerves to the heart wave were cut, the results would be that:

the heart rate would increase

why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle?

it contracts with force sufficient to push blood through the systemic circuit

in the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure:

generally forces fluid from capillaries into the interstitial space

factors that aid venous return include all except:

urinary output

during ventricular diastole

the bicuspid and tricuspid valves open

the correct sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac impulses is

S-A node, A-A, A-V bundle, purkinje fibers

the structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)

vein

in the heart

action potentials are conducted from cell to cell through gap junctions

which of the following does NOT increase heart rate or force of contraction of the heart?

acetylcholine

how is eversion of the AV valves and backflow of blood into the atria prevented?

tightening of chordae tendineae and contraction of papillary muscles

the outermost layer of the artery is the

tunica externa

T-cell maturation occurs in the

thymus

which of the following is an example of a specific body (3rd line) defense mechanism?

adaptive immunity

doris was born with a malformed pulmonary valve. how will that affect her circulation?

blood will flow back into her right ventricle

the antibodies involved in allergy that results in an immediate closure of the airway is

belong to the immunoglobulin E group

the 1st line defense mechanism for the body involves

mechanical barriers

a bee venom allergy that results in an immediate closure of the airway is

Type 1 acute allergy

the specific immune response responds to

foreign antigens on the surface of cells

the primary immune response is ________, and a secondary immune response is ___________

responsible for producing antibodies within five to ten days after exposure to antigens; responsible for producing antibodies within a day or two of a subsequent exposure to the same antigen

the type of immunity that confers immunity to newborn infants is

naturally acquired passive immunity

both plasma and memory cells are __________ cells

B-cells

the most abundant class of antibody found in the serum is

IgG

which of the following detects cancer cells and destroys them

T-cells

exposure to a live virus or bacteria and development of the disease would result in

naturally occuring (acquired) active immunity

when B-cells are activated they

multiply and produce plasma cells which release antibodies into circulation

which of the following are responsible for a cell-mediated response?

T-cells

graph _______, above is representative of the SA node

B

in graph A phase 0 is caused by the

the influx of sodium

in graph B phase 0 is caused by the

the influx of calcium

phase 2 in graph A is caused by _________ and is responsible for ____________

the influx of calcium; the inability of cardiac muscle to undergo summation and tetany

which letter in the diagram indicated the closing of the AV valves?

A

which interval would correspond to atrial filling?

from a to e

which point would correspond to the dup heart sound?

C

a female, whose blood type is A-, is pregnant with her second child. both her first child and the child she is carrying having B+ blood. which of the following is true?

only the Rh factor is of concern because the mom will produce IgG antibodies against the Rh factor

the exchange of gases between the blood and the body’s cells is known as:

internal respiration

the portion of the larynx that prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea is (are):

all of the above (epiglottis, glottis, false vocal cords)

the respiratory zone of the lungs, where gas exchange occurs, includes the

alveoli

inhalation is caused by:

both b and c (atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure in the thoracic cavity; rib cage expands increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity)

the purpose of a _______ is to clear the upper respiratory passages

sneeze

where would you expect to find the highest concentration of oxygen?

in the alveoli (after inspiration)

carbon dioxide is transported primarily

in the form of bicarbonate

the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases when

carbon dioxide concentration increases

which of the following is (are) a function of the mucus-covered nasal passage?

all fo the above (warming inspired air, moistening inspired air, entrapping small particles)

the pitch of voice is a result of the

tension on the vocal cords

hypoventilation is most likely to be accompanied by a(n)

increased in blood CO2 concentration and a drop in pH

the central respiratory center is most likely to cause an increase in the breathing rate if the

CO2 levels are increasing, and pH of body fluids is decreasing

movement of oxygen from the alveolar air space

into pulmonary capillaries is by diffusion

pulmonary surfactant is produced by

type II alveolar cells

all of the following statements about the central chemoreceptors are false except

they are activated by the changes in pH of the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid

which of the following are true?

RV (residual volume) increases with obstructive diseases

a female has a resting tidal volume of 400mL, respiratory rate of 13 breaths/min, and dead space of 125mL. when she exercises which would be most efficient for increasing oxygen delivery to her working skeletal muscle?

increasing respiratory rate to 20 breaths/min, but no change in tidal volume

why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent of that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient?

CO2 is more soluble in water than O2 is

the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude of 10,000 ft with and atmospheric pressure of 494 mmHg would be

103.25 mmHg

in this image, a shift of the dissociation curve to the left would be caused by

decrease in PCO2