BIORISK MANAGEMENT, HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT, ADVENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS, DISEASES OF THE 21st CENTURY

Flashcards on Biorisk Management, Healthcare Waste Management, Advent of Molecular Diagnostic Tools, and Diseases of the 21st Century

What is BIORISK?

Combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm, where the source of harm is a biological agent or toxin.

What is BIOSAFETY?

Containment principles, technologies, and practices that are implemented to prevent the unintentional exposure to biological agents and toxins, or their accidental release.

What is BIOSECURITY?

Protection, control, and accountability for biological agents and toxins within laboratories in order to prevent their loss, theft, misuse, diversion of unauthorized access or intentional unauthorized release.

What is the definition of RISK?

Combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm.

What is a HAZARD?

Anything in the environment that has the potential to cause harm.

What is LIKELIHOOD/PROBABILITY?

The chance of something happening; potential occurrence of exposure and release of biohazards.

What is CONSEQUENCE?

Severity of the result if an exposure will occur.

What is a THREAT?

Anything or anyone that would risk unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, diversion, or intentional release of valuable biological material (VBM).

What is RISK ASSESSMENT?

Process of evaluating the risk(s) arising from a hazard(s), taking into account the adequacy of any existing controls and deciding whether or not the risk is acceptable.

What are CONTROL MEASURES?

Use of a combination of tools, which include communication, assessment, training, physical, and operational controls to reduce the risk of an incident or event to an acceptable level.

What is RESIDUAL RISK?

Risk that remains after carefully selected control measures are applied.

What is RISK TOLERANCE?

The level of risk that is considered acceptable and allows work to proceed, bearing in mind the expected benefit of the planned activities.

What contributes to Practices and procedures?

Practices and procedures encompassing biosafety, biosecurity, and biocontainment for effective management of risks posed by working with infectious agents and toxins in laboratories.

What is ASSESSMENT in risk management?

Process of identifying hazards and evaluating the risks associated with biological agents and toxins, taking into account the adequacy of any existing controls, and deciding whether or not the risks are acceptable.

What is MITIGATION?

Actions and control measures that are put into place to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with biological agents and toxins.

What is PERFORMANCE?

The implementation of the entire biorisk management system, including evaluating and ensuring that the system is working the way it is designed; the process of continually improving the system.

According to KAPLAN AND GARRICK, what questions should be asked for risk assessment?

What can happen? What is the chance that it will happen? If it happens, what are the consequences?

List the STEPS IN PERFORMING RISK MANAGEMENT

Identify the hazards and risks, Characterize and evaluate the risks, Develop a risk control strategy, Selection of appropriate and sustainable risk control measures, Risk Evaluation and Acceptability,Periodic review of Risk Assessment, Risk Communication.

What is the HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS used in the AMP model?

ELIMINATION, SUBSTITUTION, ENGINEERING CONTROLS, ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

What is the BIORISK MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE?

Institutional committee of individuals competent in biorisk control, and other representatives as appropriate.

What is the INSTITUTIONAL BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY COMMITTEE (IBBC)?

A committee that reviews, approves, and oversees research involving the use of recombinant or synthetic DNA/RNA and other biohazards, especially for Dual Use Research of Concern (DURC).

Who is considered TOP MANAGEMENT?

Person or group of people who directs and controls an organization at the highest level (i.e., owner, medical center chief, director general).

Who is SENIOR MANAGEMENT?

Person or group of people who is responsible for the creation of policies and guidelines, as well as for the ongoing support of the laboratory operation (i.e., head of the laboratory, laboratory managers).

Who is the BIORISK OFFICER / BIOLOGICAL SAFETY OFFICER /BIOLOGICAL SAFETY ADVISER?

An individual that has advisory functions to the management on establishing and monitoring workplace biosafety and biosecurity procedures which is designed to minimize or prevent injury or loss due to biohazards as well as its security.

What activities generates HEALTHCARE WASTES?

Diagnosis, treatment and immunization of humans, Research pertaining to diagnosis, treatment and immunization of humans, Research using laboratory animals geared towards improvement of human health, Production and testing of biological products, Other activities performed by a healthcare facility that generates wastes

What are HEALTHCARE WASTE GENERATORS?

Hospitals and medical centers, Infirmaries, Birthing homes, Clinics and other health-related facilities, Laboratories and research centers, Drug manufacturers, Institutions, Mortuary and autopsy centers

List the CATEGORIES OF HEALTHCARE WASTES ACCORDING TO WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) 2018

INFECTIOUS WASTE, PATHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL WASTE, SHARPS, CHEMICAL WASTE, PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE, RADIOACTIVE WASTE, NON-HAZARDOUS OR GENERAL WASTE

Give an example of SHARPS.

Needles of syringe for phlebotomy, Blood lancets, Surgical knives, Broken glasswares

Give an example of CHEMICAL WASTE.

Laboratory reagents, x-ray film developing solutions, disinfectants

List the ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH HEALTHCARE WASTES AND BY-PRODUCTS:

Sharp-inflicted injuries,Toxic exposure to pharmaceutical products (antibiotics and cytotoxic drugs)

What are the components of HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?

Waste Prevention, Waste Reduction, Resource Development, End of pipe approach

Why do we need to segregate healthcare wastes?

To reduce the amount of waste that must be treated as hazardous waste,To reduce the risks of exposure to hazardous healthcare waste for workers, To lower the cost of treatment and disposal of healthcare waste, To make possible the recycling of non-hazardous general waste.

List the types of wastes and their corresponding bin colors.

BLACK: Non-infectious dry waste, GREEN: Non-infectious wet waste, YELLOW: Infectious and Pathological waste, YELLOW WITH BLACK BAND: Chemical waste including those w/ heavy metals,ORANGE: Radioactive waste, RED: Sharps and pressurized containers

Healthcare wastes can be decontaminated either by:

Sterilization – kills all microorganisms, Disinfection – reduces the level of microorganisms present in the material.

What is PYROLYSIS?

Thermal decomposition of healthcare wastes in the absence of supplied molecular oxygen in the destruction chamber where the said waste is converted into gaseous, liquid, or solid form.

What is AUTOCLAVE

The use of steam sterilization to render waste harmless and is an efficient wet thermal disinfection process

List LEGISLATION, POLICIES AND GUIDELINES GOVERNING HEALTHCARE WASTES

Manual on Healthcare Waste Management”, 4th Edition (2020),REPUBLIC ACT 4226 Hospital Licensure Act, REPUBLIC ACT 6969 Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990, REPUBLIC ACT 8749 Clean Air Act of 1999, REPUBLIC ACT 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000) REPUBLIC ACT 9275 Clean Water Act of 2004, REPUBLIC ACT 1586 Environmental Impact Statement System Law, PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 856 S 1975 The Code of Sanitation of the Philippines, DOH DC # 156-C SERIES OF 1993 Provides Guideline in Hospital Management, DOH “Manual on Healthcare Waste Management”, 4th Edition (2020)

What is MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS?

A branch of clinical diagnostics that utilizes genetic material (DNA or RNA) in disease diagnosis.

Molecular-based diagnostic tests fall into what 3 Major Clinical areas

Infectious Disease, Genetics, Tumor Markers

What are the BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS?

CHROMOSOMES, Nucleic acid biochemistry, REPLICATION, CENTRAL DOGMA, TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION, NUCLEIC ACID ISOLATION, NUCLEIC ACID QUANTIFICATION, POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

What is EXPRESSION CLONING?

Copying of DNA that codes for a protein of interest in a plasmid (“expression vector”).

What does GEL ELECTROPHORESIS do?

Separate DNA, RNA, and proteins by means of an electric field

What is MICRROARRAYS?

Collection of spots, Useful for comparison of gene expression of two different tissues

What is MASS SPECTROMETRY?

Matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)

What is LIQUID BIOPSY?

Analysis of circulating tumor DNA, RNA, and other biomolecules • Non-invasive early cancer detection and monitoring

What is INTEGRATION OF MULTI-OMICS DATA?

Integrating multi-omics data with machine learning and deep learning

What is DIGITAL PATHOLOGY?

Combining immunohistochemistry (IHC) with digital pathology platforms.High-resolution imaging and quantitative analysis of stained tissue sections, Enables data sharing, collaboration, and algorithm development for tissue specimen analysis.

List the types of INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE 21ST CENTURY

Newly-identified diseases caused by previously known microorganisms, Newly-identified diseases caused by unknown microorganisms, Known diseases caused by known microorganismsInfectious diseases in new geographic areas Zoonotic diseases that become infectious to humans, Newly-identified reservoirs for microorganisms

What is INCUBATION PERIOD?

Time between the exposure to the pathogen and first appearance of signs and symptoms

What is PRODROMAL PERIOD?

Short interval wherein the individual starts to feel sick, but does not have a clinically specific or severe infection

What is PERIOD OF ILLNESS?

The patient experiences the typical symptoms of the infectious disease

What is PERIOD OF DECLINE?

Immune system is able to control the replication of the pathogen

What is CONVALESCENCE PERIOD?

Replication of the pathogen has been stopped and the body is starting to recover and regain its strength

What is EPIDEMIOLOGY?

Study of the distribution, patterns, causes, effects, and control of disease in a population

What is INCIDENCE?

Number of new cases of infectious diseases in a given period of time

What is PREVALENCE?

Total number of cases of infectious diseases in a given period of time

What is OUTBREAK?

Spread of infection in a confined place (e.g. school, camp)

What is SPORADIC DISEASE?

A disease that is normally absent in a population and occurs as a single, isolated case

What is ENDEMIC DISEASE?

Occurs frequently in a specific geographical location or population group

What is EPIDEMIC DISEASE?

Widespread occurrence of a disease that affects many individuals in a particular location at a given time

What is PANDEMIC DISEASE?

An epidemic disease affecting several countries

What is COMMUNICABLE DISEASE?

Transmitted from a source to another by bacteria or virus

What is CONTAGIOUS DISEASE?

A very communicable disease that is rapidly spreading in different individuals

What is ZOONOTIC DISEASE?

A disease that normally exists in animals but can be transmitted to humans

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of IMPETIGO?

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of ERYSIPELAS?

Streptococcus pyogenes, a.k.a. holy fire

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of CELLULITIS?

Normal skin flora, Group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of ATHLETE’S FOOT (TINEA PEDIS)?

Trichophyton rubrum (most common), dermatophytes

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of JOCK ITCH (TINEA CRURIS)?

Trichophyton rubrum (most common), dermatophytes

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of RINGWORM (TINEA CORPORIS)?

Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum(dermatophytes)

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of CHORIORETINITIS?

Toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of CONJUNCTIVITIS (PINK EYE)?

adenovirus, chlamydia, staphylococci, streptococci

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of Bacterial keratitis?

Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of Viral keratitis?

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (dendritic keratitis)

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of viral URTI (UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION)?

Rhinovirus

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of Viral bronchitis?

rhinovirus, influenza

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of Bacterial bronchitis?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumonia, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae

What is the CAUSE of GINGIVITIS?

Due to accumulation of bacterial plaque on the teeth

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of ORAL HERPES?

herpes simplex virus type 1

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of ORAL THRUSH (CANDIDIASIS)?

Candida spp

What is the Most common causative agent of bacterial gastroenteritis?

Escherichia coli,

What is the Most common causative agent of Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu)?

rotavirus, adenovirus, calicivirus, and astrovirus

What is the Most common causative agent of Parasitic gastroenteritis?

roundworms (nematodes)

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of SALPINGITIS?

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of OOPHORITIS?

chlamydia, gonorrhea, ureaplasma, mycoplasma

What is the CAUSE of Vaginitis?

Vaginal yeast infections - Candida spp, Bacterial vaginosis - Gardnerella vaginalis, Trichomoniasis - Trichomonas vaginalis, STIs - Chlamydia, genital herpes, Human papillomavirus

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of PENILE INFECTION?

Trichomonas spp.

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of ORCHITIS?

Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of URETHRITIS?

Gonorrhea, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma

What is the Common causative agent of SEPTICEMIA (BLOOD POISONING)?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS?

S. aureus, Enterococcus, Candida

What is the CAUSATIVE AGENT of MYOCARDITIS?

Virus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

What is the Common causative agent of PERICARDITIS?

coxsackievirus, pnuemococcus, histoplasma

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION of SEVERVE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME?

Respiratory Droplets (Coughing And Sneezing) Close Contact (Kissing And Hugging)

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION of COVID-19?

Respiratory droplets from talking, coughing, or sneezing, Contact with contaminated surfaces

List ways used for the PREVENTION of COVID 19

Vaccination, wearing masks, social distancing, hand hygiene, frequent handwashing or using sanitizer, avoiding close contact

What is ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)?

Characterized by a weakened immune system caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

What are the MODES OF TRANSMISSION for AIDS?

Contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue Unprotected sexual intercourse, Injected directly into the bloodstream, Vertical transmission, Blood transfusion, Needle-stick Injury

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION for ZOONOTIC INFLUENZA?

Handling Of Dead Or Infected Birds, Contact Of Infected Fluids Of Birds

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION for swine flu, hog flu, pig flu?

Constant Exposure To Infected Pigs, Inhaling The Virus, Touching Contaminated Surfaces