joints

1

acromioclavicular ligament: acromion + clavicle

2

coracoacromial ligament: coracoid process + acromion

3

coracoclavicular ligament: coracoid process + clavicle

1

annular ligament: binds head of radius to ulna, can tear known nursemaids elbow where head of radius pops out of the ligament

2

radial collateral ligament: lateral surface of elbow is stabilized by this ligament

3

ulnar collateral ligament: medial surface of elbow is stabilized by this ligament

1

pubofemoral ligament: pubis + femoral head

2

iliofemoral ligament: ilium + femoral head

3

ischiofemoral ligament: ischium + femoral head

1

quadriceps tendon

2

patellar ligament

3

lateral meniscus: found under lateral condyle of femur

4

medial meniscus: found under medial condyle of femur

5

tibial collateral ligament

6

anterior cruciate ligament: found in between the femoral condyles on the anterior side

7

posterior cruciate ligament: found in between the femoral condyles on the posterior side

8

fibular collateral ligament

what is an articulation

a joint, where bones meet

synarthrosis joint

no movement, very strong

amphiarthrosis joint

slightly moveable joint, articulations through collagen fibers or cartilage

diarthrosis joint

freely movable joint, has many planes of movement

suture

synarthrosis joint, located only between the bones of the skull

gomphosis

synarthrosis, binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible

peridontal ligament

fibrous connection between tooth and its socket

synchondrosis

synarthrosis, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones. vertebrosternal ribs and manubrium

synostosis

synarthrosis, when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears. epiphyseal lines of mature long bone, fusion of an infant’s left and right mandibular bone

syndesmosis

amphiarthrosis, bones are connected by a ligament

symphysis

amphiarthrosis, articulating bones are connected by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage

synovial joint

diarthrosis, permits a wider range of motion than do other types of joints. typically ends of long bones

monoaxial

movement in one plane

biaxial

movement in two planes

triaxial

movement in three planes

pathologic synostosis

synostoses can occur outside of their desired locations. often functionally impairing, but not always

joint capsule

surrounds the joint

articular cartilage

covers the articulating surfaces of the bone, helps reduce friction

synovial membrane

the tissue lining the cavity that secretes synovial fluid

synovial fluid

the fluid inside a joint, lubrication, distribution of nutrients, shock absorption

meniscus

fibrocartilage between 2 bones

fat pads

adipose tissue usually superficial to the joint capsule

bursae

small fluid filled pouches by joints-helps to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber

ligaments

accessory ligaments help support the joint capsule

the structure of the bones making up the joint determine…

its motion

gliding joint

have flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another but the amount of movement is very slight. acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints. slight nonaxial or multiaxial

hinge joint

permit angular motion in a single plane, like the opening and closing of a door. monoaxial. elbow, knee, ankle joint.

condylar joint

have an oval articular face nestled within a depression on an opposing surface. biaxial. radiocarpal joint.

saddle joint

complex articular faces and fit together like a rider on a saddle. each face is concave along one axis and convex along the other. biaxial. first carpometacarpal joint.

pivot joint

only permit rotation. monoaxial. proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint.

ball and socket joint

the round head of one bone rests within a cup shaped depression in another. triaxial. shoulder joint and hip joint.

facet joints

articulation of superior and inferior articular processes and facets. allows for slight flexion, extension, lateral side bending and rotation. majority at cervical and lumbar spine.

symphyseal joints

between the bodies of the vertebrae and the intervertebral discs

annulus fibrosis

tough outer layer of fibrocartilage. surrounds the nucleus pulpous.

nucleus pulposus

gelatinous core, helps with shock absorption and reduces compressive loads.

herniated disc

nucleus pulposus “herniates” or breaks through the annulus fibers

what kind of joint is the shoulder

ball and socket, diarthrosis

glenoid labrum

fibrocartilage that fills the glenoid cavity- increases surface area and creates a larger socket.

which ligaments stabilize the shoulder joint to prevent the humeral head from moving superiorly

coracoacromial, acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular

what kind of joint is the elbow

hinge joint

annular ligament

binds the radius to the ulna, this allows radius to rotate

radial collateral ligament

stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow

ulnar collateral ligament

stabilizes the medial side of the elbow

what kind of joint is a hip joint

ball and socket, diarthrodial- femoral head articulates with the acetabulum

does a hip joint have a labrum

yes which is a piece of cartilage found in joints, or “lip”

ligamentum teres

deep in joint, attaches to fovea capitis on femoral head

what are the ligaments that reinforce the joint capsule of the hip joint

pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, and iliofemoral ligament

what kind of joint is the knee joint

modified hinge joint

what are the three articulations of the knee joint

medial condyle to medial condyle, lateral condyle to lateral condyle, and patella and femur

what are some special features in the knee joint

menisci and fat pads

does the knee have a sesamoid bone

yes, the patella

lateral collateral ligament/ fibular collateral ligament

stabilizes the lateral side of the knee joint

medial collateral ligament/ tibial collateral ligament

stabilizes the medial side of the knee joint

anterior cruciate ligament

originates on the anterior surface of the tibia, resists anterior tibial translation and knee hyperextension, most commonly injured ligament, taut with the knee extended

posterior cruciate ligament

originates on the posterior surface of the tibia, resists posterior translation of the tibia on the femur, strongest ligament in the knee, taut with the knee flexed

patellar ligament

extends from the patella to the anterior tibia

quadriceps tendon

tendon from the quadriceps muscle, attaches to the patella and continues to the tibial tuberosity/ tibial tubercle

medial meniscus

on the medial side of the tibiofemoral joint

lateral meniscus

on the lateral side of the tibiofemoral joint

what are the functions of menisci

increase knee stability, act as shock absorbers, spread load over cartilage

six functions of skeletal muscle

produce skeletal movement, maintain posture and body position, support soft tissues, guard body entrances and exits, maintain body temp, and store nutrients

skeletal muscle

striated, multinucleated, three types: fast, slow, intermediate

cardiac muscle

striated, one nucleus, intercalated discs, only located in the heart

intercalated discs

connects cardiac muscle cells to assist with contraction as a single organ

smooth muscle

nonstriated, one nucleus, involuntary muscle tissue

what do the cells look like in skeletal muscle

long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleate

locations of skeletal muscle

combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles

functions of skeletal muscle

moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton. guards entrances and exits to the digestive respiratory and urinary tracts, generates heat, protects internal organs

what do the cells of cardiac muscle look like

short, branches, and striated, usually with a single nucleus. cells are interconnected by intercalated discs

location of cardiac muscle

heart

functions of cardiac muscle

circulates blood, maintains blood pressure

what do smooth muscle cells look like

short, spindle shaped, and nonstriated with a single central nucleus

locations of smooth muscle

found in the walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs

functions of smooth muscle

moves food, urine, and reproductive secretions. controls diameter of respiratory passageways. regulates diameter of blood vessels.

what does cardiac muscle have that smooth muscle doesn’t

A bands and I bands

intercalated discs have a lot of…

gap junctions and desmosomes