Western Civilization Monarchies

How did Elizabeth solve religious and financial problems in England?

Elizabethan Religious Settlement to establish a moderate form of Protestantism, while also stabilizing the economy through policies that promoted trade and reduced debt.

How did Philip II of Spain challenge Elizabeth? (The Armada)

By launching the Spanish Armada in 1588, aiming to re-establish Catholicism in England and diminish English influence at sea.

How did Charles I upset Parliament and the Puritans?

Through asserting royal prerogative, dissolving Parliament multiple times, and imposing taxes without consent, which heightened tensions and led to civil strife.

Who was Oliver Cromwell, and who did he lead?

A military and political leader during the English Civil War, who led the Parliamentarian forces, known as the New Model Army, against King Charles I.

What happened to Charles I?

Tried and executed in 1649 for treason against England, marking a significant turning point in the English Civil War and leading to the temporary establishment of a Republican Commonwealth.

What did James II do to upset Parliament?

Attempting to promote Catholicism, suspended laws without consent, and appointed Catholics to positions of power, leading to his eventual overthrow in the Glorious Revolution.

What was the Glorious Revolution?

A relatively bloodless coup in 1688 where James II was overthrown and William of Orange and Mary II ascended to the English throne, significantly establishing parliamentary sovereignty.

What was guaranteed in the English Bill of Rights?

Guaranteed fundamental rights such as the right to free speech in Parliament, the right to petition the monarch, and protection against cruel and unusual punishments, solidifying the power of Parliament and limiting the monarchy.

What is absolutism?

A political system where a single ruler holds absolute power, typically justified by divine right, without any constitutional limitations or legislative checks, prevalent in 17th and 18th century Europe.

Why was Versailles important to Louis’ reign?

It served as the royal residence and a symbol of absolute monarchy, showcasing his power and the centralized authority of the state. It became a center for political affairs and a tool for managing the French nobility.

What were Peter the Great’s accomplishments?

Modernizing the Russian army, founding the city of St. Petersburg, and implementing wide-ranging reforms in government, culture, and education to increase Russia's power and influence in Europe.