Sociology Exam Study Guide

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Introduction to Sociology

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43 Terms

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conflict theory

(1) a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources

(2) a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance

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functionalism

a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society

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symbolic interactionism

a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols)

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crime

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

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corporate crime

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

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hate crimes

attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics

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nonviolent crimes

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

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victimless crime

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

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street crime

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces

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intersection theory

theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes

inner (permanent): national origin, race/ethnicity, mental/physical ability, sexual orientation, age, gender, gender identity or expression

outer (may change often): work experience, education, appearance, religion, income, language and communication, organizational role, family, political belief

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social stratification

a socioeconomic system that divides society’s members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige; inequality

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caste system

a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives

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global feminization of poverty

a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty

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intergenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different generations of a family

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meritocracy

(1) a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit — proven and documented skills
(2) an ideal system in which personal effort — or merit — determines social standing

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differential association theory

a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

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labeling theory

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

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deviance

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

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13th amendment

abolished slavery and involuntary servitude

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white privilege

the societal privilege that benefits white people, or those perceived to be white over non-white people in some societies, including the u.s.

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scapegoat theory

a theory that suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

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socialization

the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

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gender stereotyping

a preconceived idea that assigns characteristics and roles to individuals based on their sex, often in a rigid and generalized way

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sex

a term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females

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gender

a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female

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homophobia

an extreme or irrational aversion to gay, lesbian, bisexual, or all lgbtq people, which often manifests as prejudice and bias

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sexual orientation

a person’s physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female)

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queer theory

(1) an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society’s rigid splitting of gender into specific roles and questions the manner in which we have been taught to think about sexual orientation

(2) focuses on mismatches between anatomical sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation, not just division into male/female or homosexual/heterosexual

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sexism

the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another

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transgender

an adjective that describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are other than their biological sex

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social movement

a purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal

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collective behavior

a noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage

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polygamy

the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time

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intimate partner violence (ipv)

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship

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american psychological association (apa)

a leading scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the u.s.; promotes psychological science and knowledge to benefit society and improve lives

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wealth

the value of money and assets a person has from; ex: inheritance or salary

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income

the money a person earns from work or investments

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gender dysphoria

a condition listed in the dsm-5 in which people experience a deep sense of distress or discomfort due to incongruence between their sex assigned at birth and their gender identity; replaces “gender identity disorder”

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ethnicity

shared culture; heritage, language, religion, etc.

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race

a grouping of humankind based on shared physical or social qualities that can vary from one society to another

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polyandry

a form of polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband at the same time

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convergence theory

a sociological theory to explain how and why societies move toward similarity over time as their economies develop

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frame alignment process

using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement