Cxc biology ( excretion and osmoregulation)

what are the water products of respiration

Carbon dioxide

what are the water products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen

What is an excretory product?

This is a waste which is made from metabolic reactions

What is excretion?

This is the removal of excretory products

What is egestion?

removal of undigested waste

What is the differences between egestiom and excretion?

While both of them deal with waste egestion is the removal of undigested waste product while excretion is the removal of waste made by metabolic reactions.

Why do plant not create as much waste as animals?

They do not make as much waste as animals because they are not as metabolically active as animals

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What are the two types of excretory products in plants?

(1) The ones that actually leave the plants

(2) The ones that stay in the plants but are stored in a safe place where they don't interfer with any metabolic reactions.

what are some examples of excretory products that leave the plant?

Carbon dioxide in the night from respiration

Oxygen from photosynthesis in the day

The storing of waste products in the leaf and making it fall eg calcium oxalate

How do plants deal with the storing of waste products?

Since the build up of waste can be posinous plants turn these substances to insoluble forms such as calcium oxalate, alkoliods and oil

What are another way plants store waste products?

Other waste products are taken to dead structures of the plant but keep in the plant because they might be useful

What are excretory products of animals?

Carbon dioxide from respiration which is exceeted from the lungs or gills and nitrogenous wastes which is produced by excess proteins and amino acids and bile pigment from breakdown of haemoglobin

What produces nitrogenous wastes?

Excess animoacids and proteins.

What is nitrogen waste in amoeba?

Ammonia

How does the amoeba get rid of the nitrogenous wastes?

It gets rid of the nitrogenous waste by diffusion

What is the nitrogenous waste made by mammald

urea and small amounts uric acid

What is the nitrogenous waste in insects, replies, and birds?

this is uric acid which is the least posinous of the three

Why don't plants have the problem of getting rid of excess proteins?

This is because plants make their own proteins and thus the only make as much as needed and because they are able to store proteins in seeds

What are mammals excess proteins converted to?

Mammals excess proteins are converted to urea.

Describe how proteins reach the liver?

When you eat proteins your body converts it to amino acids because of the digestive enzymes in your stomach doudenum, jejunum and ileum break them down to amino acids which are absorbed by the villi in the ileum and sent to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

Describe how the body converts excess amino acids?

The liver allows some animo acids to go on into the blood however if their are excess we must get rid of them. We do this by splitting the amino acid into a molecule (alcohol) which could be later broken down to carbohydrates to get energy and strokes. The rest which is the part that contains nitrogen, is turned into urea.

What is deamination?

Proteins (excess amino acids) cannot be stored by the body. Excess amino acids are converted to fats and carbohydrates. This occurs in the liver.

What are four functions of the liver?

(1) Converts excess amino acids into urea and carbohydrates via deamination

(2) Control of glucose in blood with aid of insulin and glucagon

(3) Storing carbohydrates as glycogen

(4) making bile

What are four functions of the liver?

(1) Breaking down old blood cells to store their iron and or excreting the remains of haemoglobin as bile pigment

(2) Breaking down harmful substances such as alcohol

(3) Storing vitamins , A,B,DE and K

(4) Storing potassium

(5) Makes cholesterol in order to repair cell membranes

Where are the kidneys located?

They are located in the back of the abdomen

What are the three main parts of the kidney?

They are the cortex, medulla and pelvis

What is the tube that is leading from the pelvis called?

This tube is called the ureter and it carries urine to the bladder

What are kidneys made up of?

They are made up of thousand of tiny tubles, or nephrons.

Where do the each nephron begins?

Each nephron begins in the cortex then goes into the medulla and back into the cortex and then back again into the medulla and then to the pelvis where the ureter joins the nephron

What is the function of the kidney?

To take unwanted substances from blood and pass them on to the bladder to be excreted

How is urine made?

Urine is made my filtration and selective reabsorbed.

How do organisms gain water?

(1) osmosis

(2) In food ( drinking water)

(3) By respiration

How do organisms lose water?

(1) by evaporation

(2) in urine

(3) by osmosis

What is osmoregulation?

the control of solute concentrations and water balance

Why is osmoregulation important?

Prevents cells bursting or shrinking when water enters or leaves by osmosis

What is the cornified layer of the skin?

This is a water proof layer of the skin except for the pores from the sweat glands

What part does the brain play in osmoregulation?

when blood passes through the hypothalamus in the brain the cells can sense the amount of water in the blood if there is not enough water the these cells tells the pituitary gland to secrete ADH which dissolves in blood and is taken to the kidney. When it arrives at the kidney it affect the nephrons and make capillaries reabsorb more water from the urine

What is ADH?

antidiuretic hormone

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of constant internal conditions ain the body.

What is negative feedback?

A response to a change in the body that counteracts or opposes the initial change. an

What are xerophytes?

plants adapted to arid climates

What are some adaptiom of plants use to cut down on water loss

(1)Closing the stomata

(2) Reducing surface area

(3)waxy cuticles

(4) stomata in pits