Ch. 13 Test Review - Anatomy II

What are the primary functions of blood?

The primary functions of blood are to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products regulating and protecting the body. It performs vital pickup and delivery services and provides protection necessary to withstand foreign “invaders”.

What are the formed elements of blood?

The formed elements of blood include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (thrombocytes).

What are the functions of the formed elements of blood?

The function of the red blood cells are to transport oxygen to your lungs and carry waste carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. The function of the white blood cells are to protect your body from infections, diseases, and foreign invaders. Platelets trigger blood clot formation.

What are the steps involved in blood clotting?

The blood clotting process is a quick chain reaction.

1. Platelets break up and accumulate at the sight of the injury and cause the formation of platelet factors.

2. These substances then combine with prothrombin, a protein already in the blood, and calcium to form thrombin.

3. Thrombin then combines with fibrinogen to form the final product - fibrin.

4. The fibrin then forms a “net” that catches red blood cells that then resemble a tangle of fine threads with red blood cells caught in the tangle.

What is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum?

Blood serum is blood plasma minus its clotting factors, which include fibrinogen and prothrombin.

What is the liquid part of blood?

Plasma

Blood accounts for what percent of total body weight?

7% to 9%

Name the blood types identified in the ABO system of typing.

1. Type A

2. Type B

3. Type AB

4. Type O

What blood type is called universal donor blood?

O (-)

What blood type is called universal recipient blood?

AB (+)

What is meant when a person’s blood is described as “Rh negative”?

When a person’s blood type is described as “Rh negative”, it means that their red blood cells lack a specific inherited protein called the Rhesus (Rh) factor.

What are “formed elements” of blood?

Formed elements of blood include cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets - and cell fragments.

What is the difference between leukopenia and leukocytosis?

Leukopenia - an unusually low WBC count

Leukocytosis - an unusually high WBC count

What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

Thrombus - a blood clot that remains where it formed

Embolus - a blood clot that dislodges and circulates through the blood stream

What is the role of prothrombin in the blood clotting mechanism?

Prothrombin is the precursor to thrombin.

What is the role of thrombin in the blood clotting mechanism?

Thrombin acts as a key switch that turns soluable blood proteins into a solid, stable clot.

What is the role of fibrinogen in the blood clotting mechanism?

Fibrinogen stabilizes and seals blood clots.

What is the role of fibrin in the blood clotting mechanism?

Fibrin acts as a tough, fibrous mesh that turns a platelet plug into a stable and permanent blood clot.

Describe the structure of the red blood cell. What advantage does this unique shape give the red blood cell that helps it perform its function?

The structure of the red blood cell is referred to as bioconcave. This unique shape provides a large surface area for moving dissolved blood gases and other solutes quickly in or out of the blood cell. It also helps RBCs from spinning wildly as they flow through the blood stream.

Explain the difference between the causes of aplastic anemia and pernicious anemia.

Aplastic anemia is caused by high-dose exposure to certain toxic chemicals, while pernicious anemia results from a dietary deficiency.

How is hemophilia transmitted?

Hemophilia is typically transmitted from a symptom-free “carrier mother” to an affected offspring with a single X chromosome.

Explain how type A blood differs from type B blood.

Type A blood contains the A antigen and its plasma contains anti-B antibodies, while type B blood contains the B antigen and its plasma contains anti-A antibodies.

Explain the cause of erythroblastosis fetalis.

Erythroblastosis fetalis is caused by an Rh blood type incompatibility between an Rh-negative mother and an Rh-positive fetus.

Why is the first Rh-positive baby born to an Rh-negative mother usually unaffected?

The first Rh-positive baby born to an Rh-negative mother is typically unaffected because the antibodies have not been formed yet.

What is the proper name of white blood cells?

Leukocytes

What is the proper name of red blood cells?

Erythrocytes

What is the proper name of platelets?

Thrombocytes

What does the hematocrit test show?

The hematocrit test provides information about the volume of RBCs in a blood sample. It measures the percentage of your total blood volume that is made up of red blood cells.

What causes sickle cell anemia? Who does it mainly affect?

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation in the HBB gene. It mainly affects those of African-American decent who identify as Black.

What causes hemorrhagic anemia?

Hemorrhagic anemia is caused by an actual decrease in the number of circulating RBCs because of hemorrhage or bleeding.

What causes aplastic anemia?

Aplastic anemia is caused by high-dose exposure to certain toxic chemicals.

What causes deficiency anemias?

Deficiency anemias are caused by an inadequate supply of some substance, such as vitamin B12 or iron, required for RBC or hemoglobin production.

What causes pernicious anemia?

Pernicious anemia is caused by a dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 or from the failure of the stomach lining to produce intrinsic factor — the substance that allows vitamin B12 to be absorbed.

What causes folate deficiency anemia?

Folate deficiency anemia is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B9.

What causes iron deficiency anemia?

Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a deficiency of iron.

What causes hemolytic anemias?

Hemolytic anemias occur when the body destroys red blood cells faster than it can replace them.

What causes sickle cell anemia?

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation in the HBB gene.

What causes thalassemia?

Thalassemia is caused by a group of inherited hemolytic anemias which occur primarily in people of Mediterranean descent.

What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when a fetus and the person carrying that fetus in the womb have different blood types. It results when antibodies that target the fetal blood type enter fetal circulation and attack and destroy the RBCs in the fetus before birth or in the baby after birth.

What is the primary function of hemoglobin? What is its critical component?

The primary function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body’s tissues. Its critical component is iron.

Approximately how long do red blood cells live? How much blood loss can be fatal?

Red blood cells can live approximately 80 to 120 days. About 1/3 liters of blood loss can be fatal.

What is leukemia?

Leukemia is a term used to describe a number of blood cancers affecting the WBCs.