Studied by 13 people
Astrolabe
Developed by Islamic Scholars
Calculates Ramadan and Prayer times
Entered Europe through Muslim Spain
Portuguese created the Mariner's Astrolabe
Helped determine latitude by measuring against the sun or known star.
Compass
Originates in China
Embraced by Indian Ocean traders
Improved upon in Europe
Astronomical Charts
any cartographic representation of the stars, galaxies, or surfaces of the planets and the Moon.
Modern maps of this kind are based on a coordinate system analogous to geographic latitude and longitude.
helped navigate the oceans based on stars
Caravel: Portuguese
a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th–17th centuries.
Based on Islamic qarib used in Islamic Spain
(a type of dhow)
a ship with a distinctive shape and admirable qualities.
A gently sloping bow and single stern castle were prominent features of this craft, and it carried a mainmast and a mizzen mast that were generally lateen-rigged
used for the majority of transatlantic exploration as well as other famous expeditions, such as the numerous journeys made to circumnavigate South Africa
Carrack—Portuguese 1565
a large merchant ship of a kind operating in European waters in the 14th to the 17th century
square-rigged on the foremast and mainmast and lateen-rigged on the mizzenmast
the premier merchant ships of the Mediterranean powers
they made possible the great voyages of European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries
was the precursor of the galleon, a warship of similar rigging that was built with less cumbersome fore- and sterncastles and a greater length relative to beam.
Dutch Fluyt 1677
Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed by the shipwrights of Hoorn as a dedicated cargo vessel.
Originating in the Dutch Republic in the 16th century, the vessel was designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with the maximum of space and crew efficiency
One of the first ocean-going ships built exclusively for commerce. Previously, ships tended to be built to perform the dual role of fighting battles and carrying cargo.
Thus, their construction was fairly robust and they carried cannons, ammunition, and combat personnel
Roles of States
Voyages (e.g. Columbus) were expensive and w/o state sponsorship would not have been possible.
States wanted:
New wealth brought by taxes and trading opportunities
New material wealth (esp. silver)
To expand before their other European rivals did
Spread Christianity (i.e. considered their duty as Christians to convert others)
Religion tightly woven into gov’t of European states.
Mercantilism
Wealth and power of a country was measured in the amount of gold and silver they had.
Set up policies to sell as many goods as possible, to maximize gold and silver coming into the country.
Buy as little as possible from other countries.
This requires heavy gov’t involvement
Goes hand in hand with colonization
Prince Henry the Navigator
15th century Portuguese prince, helped usher in both the Age of Discovery and the Atlantic slave trade
Credited with beginning the Age of Discovery, the period during which European nations expanded their reach to Africa, Asia and the Americas
Credited with furthering knowledge of geography, mapmaking and navigation, started a school for navigation
a founder of the Atlantic slave trade
Bartolomeu Diaz
Portuguese explorer, led the first European expedition round the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
Sent by Portuguese King John II to explore the coast of Africa and find a way to the Indian Ocean.
Departed circa August 1487, rounding the southernmost tip of Africa in January 1488.
Named this point of land the Cape of Good Hope.
Dias was lost at sea during another expedition around the Cape in 1500.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese navigator whose voyages to India opened up the sea route from western Europe to the East by way of the Cape of Good Hope.
The first person to sail directly from Europe to India.
Portuguese at Malacca
Portuguese rip control of Malacca from Arab traders
Portuguese trading post empire
Instead of trying to control vast amounts of territory, the Portuguese created a series of forts to control trade.
The aims were to establish a monopoly over the spice trade and to license all vessels.
Portuguese vulnerability
Though they succeed for several decades they are a small nation
Few workers and ships to enforce large empire.
Many merchants ignored their gov’t and traded independently
Gov’t corruption
Dutch and English rivals
Dutch captured Malacca
English capture India
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator and explorer who sailed under the flags of both Portugal and Spain.
From Spain he sailed around South America, discovering the Strait of Magellan, and across the Pacific.
Became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean
His ambitious expedition proved that the globe could be circled by sea and that the world was much larger than had previously been imagined
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator. In 1492, he sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain in the Santa Maria, with the Pinta and the Niña ships alongside, hoping to find a new route to India.
Between 1492 and 1504, he made a total of four voyages to the Caribbean and South America and has been credited – and blamed – for opening up the Americas to European colonization.
Manila Galleons
Spanish trading ships which for two and a half centuries linked the Philippines with Mexico across the Pacific Ocean
making one or two round-trip voyages per year between the ports of Acapulco and Manila, which were both part of New Spain.
The name of the galleon changed to reflect the city that the ship sailed from.
The term Manila Galleons is also used to refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco and Manila, which lasted from 1565 to 1815.
Inca and Aztec
Spain found profit in conquest of Inca and Aztec Empires
They had gold and silver
Europeans realize they can enslave Native Americans (later Africans) to grow sugar, tobacco, and other valuable crops.
Hernan Cortez
Spanish conquistador who explored Central America, overthrew Montezuma and his vast Aztec empire and won Mexico for the crown of Spain.
He marched to Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital and home to ruler Montezuma II. After being invited into the royal palace, Cortés took Montezuma hostage and his soldiers plundered the city.
Cortés and his men are estimated to have killed as many as 100,000 indigenous people.
King Charles I of Spain appointed him the governor of New Spain in 1522.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer and conquistador Francisco Pizarro helped Vasco Núñez de Balboa discover the Pacific Ocean, and after conquering Peru, founded its capital city, Lima.
Pizarro overthrew the Inca leader Atahualpa and conquered Peru. Three years later, he founded the new capital city of Lima
China and silver
B/C of the taxation system in China they were an enthusiastic customer of American Silver.
Silver goes from Mexico to the Spanish Philippines aboard Galleons (heavily armed ships) where they stop and exchange silver for luxury goods.
Northwest Passage
French, English and Dutch explored the Americas
Looking for the Northwest Passage- a water route through or around N.America to East Asia (nonexistent)
Well, until global warming melts all the ice.
Riches of New France
Found riches not in gold but in furs
Established Quebec (as a trading post)
Missionaries flood in having found riches in the potential Native American converts.
New France
French rarely settled permanently. They traded with Native Ams. for fur.
Spanish Armada
1588- English (and storms + disease) destroy the Spanish Armada
Lost 60 of 130 ships.
England declared a sea power
Wind Wheels
These were circular wind patterns that, when discovered, aided in sailing
Trade winds
Prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator
Volta do mar
means literally turn of the sea but also return from the sea
navigational technique perfected by Portuguese navigators, using the dependable phenomenon of the great permanent wind circle, the North Atlantic Gyre.
This was a major step in the history of navigation, when an understanding of winds in the age of sail was crucial to success: the European sea empires would never have been established had the Europeans not figured out how the trade winds worked.
East India Company
English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India
Starting as a monopolistic trading body, the company became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the early 18th century to the mid-19th century.
The company was formed to share in the East Indian spice trade.
That trade had been a monopoly of Spain and Portugal until the defeat of the Spanish Armada by England gave the English the chance to break the monopoly.
Began using slave labour and transporting enslaved people to its facilities in Southeast Asia and India as well as to the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean
Columbus’ voyages
Navigator from Italy, planned a Western route to the East Indies
Sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who wanted to compete with the Portuguese
Landed in the
Bahamas in 1492, believed it was the East Indies
Made a total of four voyages, always believed he had really found the route to Asia
Columbus’ treatment of Natives
Enslaved and kidnapped hundreds of natives
Cut hands off of those who did not deliver gold to him
Allowed his crew to sexually assault native women & girls
The Columbian Exchange
Columbus’ voyages began the interchange of plants, animals, goods, diseases, ideas, and languages between the Old and New Worlds--changing the planet forever.
The Great Dying
Long isolation from the Afro-Eurasian world and the lack of most domesticated animals meant the absence of acquired immunities to Old World diseases, such as smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever.
In the Old World (Eastern Hemisphere) these diseases mostly children, but survivors gained some immunity to the diseases
In some parts of Europe, smallpox was responsible for 10-15% of deaths
Diseases Spread
Ravaged the Mexica/Aztecs starting in 1519
Populations in Mexico declined from 17 million to 1.3 million
Diseases reached more remote areas before explorers had even arrived due to indigenous traders/travelers
In some cases, 90% of the native populations died from European and African diseases
Not until the late 17th century did native numbers begin to recuperate from this catastrophe
The Qing Dynasty and the Columbian Exchange
Prosperity based upon
Agriculture; high yields from new methods
Rice, wheat, millet
New foods from Americas
Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts raised on soil not appropriate for previous crops
New foods sustained rapid increase in population
Population outpaced food supply but not evident before 1750
Population growth supported by trade and influx of American silver
Chinese workers produced silk, porcelain, and tea
Imbalanced outcomes of the Columbian Exchange
Long-term benefits of this Atlantic network were unequally distributed
Western Europeans were the dominant players and reaped the greatest rewards
New information entered Europe contributing to a revolutionary new way of thinking known as the Scientific Revolution.
Wealth of the colonies (precious metals, natural resources, new food crops, slave labor, financial profits, colonial markets) provided foundations (political and economic) for Europe’s Industrial Revolution
Colonies provided an outlet for rapidly growing population of European societies
Changing global balance of power thrust the previously marginal Western Europeans into central and commanding roles on the world stage
Sugar colonies
Occurred in lowland areas of Brazil (ruled by Portugal) and in the Spanish, British, French, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean
Sugar was in demand in Europe where it was used as a medicine, spice, sweetener, and a preservative.
Sugar was almost exclusively an export
For a century (1570-1670), Portuguese planters along the northeast coast of Brazil dominated the world market for sugar.
Then the British, French, and Dutch turned their Caribbean territories into highly productive sugar-producing colonies, breaking the Portuguese-Brazilian monopoly
Russian serfdom
A serf is a peasant that is legally bond to the land/landlord. Common form of landlord/peasant relationship during Czarist Russia.
Often a product of debt.
Slavery was abolished under Peter the Great, but serfdom endures.
Throughout the 1700s to the early 20th century, there will be significant rebellions against the Czars and later the Communists.
Serfdom will officially end with the Fall of Czar Nicholas II.
Inca Mita
Under the Inca, territories sent out their young men (mostly) for service work to the Empire.
The Spanish will adopt this, only instead of the building of roads, urban centers, etc., this form of labor was used for mining, agriculture, etc.
Will end in the 19th century, but not the industries.
Indentured servitude
Indentured servants will serve a master for a prescribed term of service. This could include both field labor and domestic service.
Used all over the world.
Will be phased out by chattel slavery in the Americas.
Hacienda system
Carried over from the Feudal land systems of Europe in to the New World, specially New Spain.
Conquistadors are granted lands for large scale agricultural, typically implementing some form of coerced labor (chattel slavery, mita, etc.)
Major rebellions, the Pueblo Revolt in 1680--killing 400 Spaniards and driving 2,000 settlers and missionaries out of the Southwest (for about 12 years). The only successful Native American military revolt against Europeans.
European powers active in the slave trade c
Portugal was the first major European power involved in the slave trade.
Great Britain became a major player in the 16-1700s due to the growth and strength of its navy.
France, Spain and the Netherlands all participated in the trade through the 16-1700’s.
How did the slave trade function?
Trade from the interior to coast, facilitated by Africans
Minimized risk for Europeans (disease)
Enriched particular African kingdoms with European goods: cowrie shells, guns, textiles, etc.
Sold outsiders (people from different tribes, POWs, criminals, debtors, etc.)
Colonial-Indian relations
Mix of cooperation and conflict
Trading between groups enriched and strengthened those tribes that did trade with the colonists
Introduction of European diseases to native population
Skirmishes and wars over land
The Puritans
Branch of very strict Protestantism: emphasized religious education, moral purity
Wanted to ‘purify’ the Anglican Church
Faced hostile religious and political climate under Catholic English kings (1630s)
Decided to flee England: 20,000 each to
Netherlands, Caribbean, Ireland, and Massachusetts Bay Colony
The Puritans in America
Very strict rules about religion and society— not proponents of religious freedom and tolerance
Banned dancing, Christmas, gambling
Did not always seek to convert natives, unlike Spanish
Roger Williams, who preached religious toleration & separation of Church and State, was banished and founded Rhode Island
Mercantilism
Premier economic theory in Europe during the Early Modern Era
Encouraged government control of economy to build the power of the state
European governments wanted…
Encomienda System
Spanish method for ruling its colonies, inspired by Inca mita system
Spanish landlords given power
over large groups of natives
Demanded taxes, tribute, or labor
Had responsibility to educate
and Christianize
Little better than slavery
The Madre De Deus carried…
coins made with West African gold
coins made from Peruvian silver
pearls, amber, jewelry, musk, calico fabric
425 tonnes of pepper
45 tonnes of cloves
35 tonnes of cinnamon
25 tonnes of cochineal dye
3 tonnes of mace
3 tonnes of nutmeg
15 tonnes of rare ebony wood
worth half of ALL the money in England
What was the advantage of a trade monopoly?
grant certain merchants - usually through a joint stock company - or the government itself the exclusive right to trade
British East India Company
Similar motivations to the Dutch (their competitors)
Funded by state and shareholders
Provided insurance and protection
Given broad powers by the Empire to protect and expand trade
Would use these powers to take over India
The Company, not the Empire, controlled India!
Hernan Cortés and Francisco Pizarro
Spanish Conquistadors who conquered the Aztec and the Inca, respectively
Assisted by rival native groups and disease
Sought gold and glory
New Spain and Social Hierarchy
Peninsulares: Colonists born in Spain
Creoles: Spaniards born in the Americas
Mestizos: Mixed Indian
and European
Mulattoes: Mixed African
and European
Africans and Natives
Resistance to Portugal in Africa
Portugal lacked the finances, personel, and military strength to maintain its control of Southeast Asia--giving way to the British and Dutch.
Being the first European power to engage in the trade and sale of slaves, the Portuguese continued raiding throughout Africa (West).
In the Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola) Queen Ana Nzinga, a converted Christian, aligned with the Portuguese to stem attacks from neighboring groups.
She also founded Matamba and aligned with the Dutch against Portugal.
Internal resistance in Russia
Serfdom--legally tying peasants to landlords for the payment of debts, was still active in Russia; different in Western Europe.
Periodic rebellions against the local and centralized government under the Tzars (Czars) erupted, often bringing sustained oppression.
South Asia—Maratha Empire
The Mughal Empire will yield to class of Hindu warriors knowns as the Maratha.
Despite the cultural contributions of the Muslim Mughals, the majority of South Asia will remain Hindu, and resist Mughal rule.
Revolts in Spanish Empire
Pueblo Revolt of 1680--the only Native American rebellion against Europeans that successfully ran the Spanish out of the terrority (at least for a time).
Pueblo and Apache warriors rebelled against the strong handed religious conversion of the Spanish.
They killed 400 Spanish colonials and burned churches throughout the region.
Revolts against the British
Maroon Wars--slave revolt(s) in Jamaica. Queen Nanny
The Gloucester Rebellion--Slave/Indentured servant rebellion in the Virginia Colony.
Metacom’s War/King Philip’s War--Native American rebellion against the British Colonies of New England, featured British alliances with Native Americans.
The Glorious Rebellion--William of Orange (Dutch) and his wife Mary II (British), invited by the British Parliament to invade England to overthrow James II, the Catholic King of England. Establishes the Parliamentary Monarchy of today.
Minorities in the Ottoman Empire
As Jews were expelled from Western European countries, the Ottoman Empire welcomed them, Christians as well.
Non-Muslims had to pay the religious tax (jizya).
Jews were permitted to work in medicine and official positions, but the highest positions were for Muslims only.
Jews were also resigned to living in designated areas.
Missionaries in Ottoman Empire
Many upper-class men and the Sultan held harems or wives and concubines.
Some of these women became very influential.
Roxelana, an Eastern European slave forced into Suleiman the Magnificant’s harem became his wife and lead many significant public works projects (mosques and hospitals).
The Mughal Empire
Under Akbar, highly tolerant of other religions, even eliminating the non-Muslim tax on Hindus.
Later Mughal Emperors will be less tolerant.
East Asia
Qing Dynasty China:
Manchu Chinese (Northern) are ethnically different from the majority Han Chinese.
Higher bureaucratic positions held only for Manchu.
Men were required to wear traditional que hair style.
Foot-binded of women was also permitted.
European hierarchies
Nobility throughout Europe possess the most land/wealth.
They will begin to control and influence government policy which will at times bring conflict with the Monarchs
In England the nobles control Parliament--English Civil War (1642-51).
Some monarchs will increase wealth through trade and consolidate power over the nobles; King Louis XIV of France (1643-1715).
Decreasing prejudice against Jews
By the end of the 17th century, many areas of Europe began to decrease policies and prejudice against Jews--at least a degree.
In places like the Netherlands, Jews were openly tolerated.
Filling jobs like banking and commerce (trade).
Russia
The landowning aristocracy of Russia were called the boyars.
Below the boyars were the merchant and artisan class, followed then by peasants and at the bottom the serfs.
Boyars fought with Czar Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) over his expansionist policies--losing power to the Czar.
Peter the Great will end slavery, but serfdom will endure.
The New World: Americas
The variety of European players in colonizing the New World will bring new social orders and dynamics.
European diseases and conflict will devastate Native populations.
Europeans will bring in millions of Africans to the continent(s).
Racial social classes will emerge.
Spanish Casta society
Spanish colonial society was organized by:
Peninsulares--Spanish born in Spain (Iberian Peninsula)
Criollos or Creoles--born in colonies with European (Spanish parents)
The Castas
Mestizos--mix of Spanish and native
Mulattoes--mix of Spanish and African
Zambos--mix of native and African
Note 
Flashcard (48)