classifications of the economy

What is economic inequality?

The uneven distribution of income and employment opportunities between people or places.

What is social inequality?

Differences in social outcomes such as education, health and life expectancy between people or places.

What is inequality?

The uneven distribution of resources, opportunities or outcomes between people or places.

What is quality of life?

The social and economic wellbeing experienced by individuals and communities.

Why does higher income not necessarily mean higher happiness and wellbeing?

Quality of life also depends on factors such as health, education, environment, relationships and access to services.

What factors can affect quality of life?

Income, health, education, employment, access to services and environmental quality.

What are the economic measures of inequality?

Employment rates and average incomes.

What are the social measures of inequality?

Educational achievement and life expectancy.

What are service measures of inequality?

Travel time for transport and information from interviews.

What are environmental measures of inequality?

Pollution data and Environmental Quality Surveys (EQS).

How can income inequality occur through differences in employment?

Different jobs provide different levels of pay and security.

Why may managers have higher incomes?

Managers are often in higher-skilled or higher-responsibility positions.

Why may temporary workers have lower pay?

Temporary employment can be less secure and may provide lower or less consistent income.

How can seasonal employment contribute to inequality?

Workers may only have employment during certain periods of the year, resulting in less consistent income.

How can gender contribute to income inequality?

Men and women may experience differences in pay and employment opportunities.

How can zero-hours contracts contribute to inequality?

Workers are not guaranteed a set number of hours, creating uncertain employment and income.

How can illegal working contribute to inequality?

Workers, including some migrants, may receive low pay and have fewer employment rights or protections.

What is health as a measure of quality of life?

Health can be assessed using indicators such as life expectancy and obesity rates.

What can obesity rates indicate?

They can indicate differences in health and wellbeing between places or groups.

Why can obesity be linked to income?

Lower incomes can make healthier food less affordable, while cheaper processed food may be more accessible.

What is life expectancy?

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Why is life expectancy a useful measure of quality of life?

It reflects differences in health, living conditions and access to healthcare.

What life expectancy figures are given in the notes?

79.2 years for males and 82.9 years for females.

What factors can influence life expectancy?

Occupation, gender, education, income, lifestyle and access to healthcare.

How can occupation affect life expectancy?

Some occupations involve greater health risks or poorer working conditions.

How can education affect life expectancy?

Higher educational attainment can lead to better employment, income and health choices.

How can higher income increase life expectancy?

Higher income can provide more disposable income for healthier food, healthcare and healthier lifestyles.

How can income affect food choices?

Higher income can make healthier food and healthcare more affordable.

How can healthier food increase life expectancy?

A healthier diet can reduce the risk of health problems and contribute to longer life expectancy.

How is education linked to income?

Education is strongly linked to income level because higher qualifications can improve employment opportunities and earnings.

How can education improve quality of life?

It can increase employment opportunities, income and access to information and services.

What happens to people with lower educational achievement?

They may have fewer employment opportunities and lower potential incomes.

How can dropping out of education affect health?

Lower educational achievement is associated with poorer health outcomes.

How can education contribute to inequality?

Differences in educational achievement can lead to differences in employment, income, health and quality of life.

What factors make London economically successful?

Higher incomes, greater investment, more jobs, more specialist industries such as finance, and greater diversity and international recognition.

Why are incomes in London higher?

London has many high-skilled, high-paid jobs and a concentration of specialist industries.

How does investment contribute to London's success?

Higher levels of investment support businesses, infrastructure, employment and economic growth.

Why does London have many jobs?

It has a large concentration of businesses, services and specialist industries.

What specialist industry is particularly important in London?

Finance.

How does diversity contribute to London's success?

London's diverse population and international connections increase its cultural and economic importance.

Why is London internationally recognised?

It is a major global city with important financial, cultural and political connections.

Why is London more expensive to live in?

High demand for housing, goods and services contributes to higher living costs.

How can London's economic success create inequality?

Higher incomes and economic opportunities are unevenly distributed, so not everyone benefits equally.

What is meant by an uneven distribution of wealth?

Wealth and income are concentrated among some groups or places rather than being equally shared.

Why can a successful economy still have inequality?

Economic growth and high average incomes do not necessarily benefit all groups equally.

What is the relationship between income and quality of life?

Higher income can improve access to goods and services, but income alone does not determine wellbeing.