ENSP 2000 Exam 2
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123 Terms
The cells of all plants have:
chloroplasts and mitochondria, and use carbohydrates to power their functions.
3 multiple choice options
In both photosynthesis and chemosynthesis:
carbohydrates are produced.
3 multiple choice options
Photosynthesis is essential to most ecosystems because it produces __________, which are used in cellular respiration by most prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
oxygen and carbohydrates
3 multiple choice options
Radioactive and carcinogenic chemical leaks into the environment can lead to changes in an organism's ________ which then can alter growth and reproduction of the exposed population.
DNA
3 multiple choice options
What are the three requirements for photosynthesis?
Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
3 multiple choice options
From what process do all organisms use energy to power their physical, behavioral, and reproductive functions?
Cellular respiration
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is an example of a prokaryote?
Bacteria
3 multiple choice options
Genetic diversity of individuals within a species is due to __________ and __________ .
sexual reproduction, mutations
3 multiple choice options
In asexual reproduction, the parent and offspring are genetically__________, and in sexual reproduction, the parent and offspring are genetically __________.
the same, different
3 multiple choice options
In asexual reproduction, ________.
the offspring have identical DNA
3 multiple choice options
At fertilization, the egg and the sperm merge to form a zygote. The zygote contains DNA from both parents making the offspring ________.
genetically unique
3 multiple choice options
Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans?
elephants
3 multiple choice options
Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters?
grasses
3 multiple choice options
Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span?
robins
3 multiple choice options
A population will not change in size if the:
birth rate equals the death rate, and the immigration rate equals the emigration rate.
3 multiple choice options
The growth of a population of sparrows accelerates with each generation. The chances of dying are about the same for all of these sparrows, regardless of age. This population of sparrows therefore demonstrates:
exponential growth and a type II survivorship curve
3 multiple choice options
A population will grow the fastest when total fertility rates are __________, and generation times are __________.
high, short
3 multiple choice options
Population growth is determined by ________.
birth, death, immigration and emigration
3 multiple choice options
Total fertility rate refers to ________.
the potential number of offspring born per female in her reproductive years
3 multiple choice options
The lowest fertility rates may be found in ________.
countries providing opportunities for women's education
3 multiple choice options
Assuming no migration, birth rate minus death rate is equal to ________.
the increase or decrease in different populations
3 multiple choice options
Populations in which the probability of dying is constant at every age exemplify ________.
Type II survivorship
3 multiple choice options
The various activities that define an organism's role in an ecosystem are that organism's:
ecological niche.
3 multiple choice options
Some beetles escape from a ship and fly to a small island covered with grass that has no trees or beetle predators. As the beetles feed on grass, they destroy the grasses. With abundant food, the beetle population soars, doubling in size every month. After about a year, the population crashes, as thousands of beetles have destroyed almost all of the plants, and there is little left to feed the larger population. This scenario best illustrates:
logistic growth followed by a population crash.
3 multiple choice options
Largemouth bass and rainbow trout are stocked in a small, deep 10-acre pond. The bass are most active in 20-30° C water, and the rainbow trout prefer water at about 6-22° C. We expect to find few places in this pond where the two species interact, because they have different:
ranges of tolerance.
3 multiple choice options
As a population increases to near its carrying capacity, __________.
birth rates decline, death rates increase, and the overall rate of population growth declines.
3 multiple choice options
In logistic growth, how does population growth change as the population nears its carrying capacity?
Population growth decreases.
3 multiple choice options
When populations approach their carrying capacity, their resources ________.
become more scarce and growth rate approaches zero
3 multiple choice options
The organism most likely to be vulnerable to global climate change is ________.
Antarctic ice fish
2 multiple choice options
An organism's ________ for many environmental factors determines where it can live.
range of tolerance
3 multiple choice options
An organism's range of tolerance is best described as ________.
the span between the minimum and maximum temperatures in which an organism flourishes
3 multiple choice options
If a population of lemmings grows fast during a productive winter and shoots beyond the carrying capacity, the population will ________.
quickly crash back below the carrying capacity
3 multiple choice options
What name is given to the process by which detritivores return carbon to the atmosphere?
decomposition
3 multiple choice options
Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere?
algae
3 multiple choice options
The greatest terrestrial net primary production can be seen to occur ________.
in south america
3 multiple choice options
Net ecosystem production values (NEP) will always be positive because of ________.
high GPP and increases in biomass during succession
3 multiple choice options
Humans are a(n) ________-based life form.
carbon
3 multiple choice options
The total amount of
CO2 that photosynthetic organisms convert to organic carbon each year is called ________.
GPP
3 multiple choice options
With the rapid increase in population and the use of fossil fuels, humans are __________ the Earth's carbon cycle.
altering
3 multiple choice options
The complex feeding interactions between trees, owls, fungi, and other organisms in an old-growth forest is a:
web
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following represents an example of intraspecific competition?
Two red foxes are fighting over the carcass of a freshly killed rabbit.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following represents an example of intraspecific exploitation competition?
The leaves of the huge hickory tree overshadow the young hickory tree saplings struggling for light just below.
3 multiple choice options
Two species of ant compete for limited resources in a front yard until only one species is able to remain. This is an example of:
the competitive exclusion principle.
3 multiple choice options
A species' realized niche:
is smaller than its fundamental niche because of the constraints of competition.
3 multiple choice options
Flying squirrels competing with each other for truffles is an example of ________.
intraspecific competition
3 multiple choice options
What makes up an ecological community?
All the plants, animals and organisms interacting in a specific area
3 multiple choice options
Chipmunks and flying squirrels competing for truffles is an example of ________.
interspecific competition
3 multiple choice options
What makes it possible for the coexistence of several warbler species which feed on the same insect larvae?
The birds eat in the different portions of the forest canopy.
3 multiple choice options
Several warbler species are able to coexist in the same forest because ________.
they feed in different parts of the fir and spruce trees
3 multiple choice options
A red-tailed hawk swoops down and captures a young rabbit feeding on dandelions growing in a park. The relationship between the hawk and the rabbit represents:
a carnivore feeding on an herbivore.
3 multiple choice options
When predators selectively prey on the old and sick members of a prey population, they:
cause the overall health of the prey population to increase.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is the best approach to minimize the spread of pine feeding beetles in a pine-dominated forest?
introducing maples, oaks, and other hardwood tree species
3 multiple choice options
The monarch butterfly-milkweed relationship is best described as an example of ________.
coevolution
3 multiple choice options
Chestnut blight fungus kills U.S. chestnut trees because the trees ________.
have not coevolved with the fungus
3 multiple choice options
Cattle egrets are large, white birds that follow grazing cattle. The cattle disturb the grass and stir up insects upon which the egrets feed. The cattle do not seem to mind the birds and gain nothing from this relationship. This relationship between cattle and cattle egrets is a type of:
commensalism
3 multiple choice options
What is commensalism?
one member of a pair of interacting species benefits and the other is unaffected
Which one of the following relationships would be considered a win/win?
mutualism
3 multiple choice options
Fig species depend on ________ to transfer pollen from male to female flowers.
wasps
3 multiple choice options
In this grassland ecosystem, where is the most chemical energy located?
1st trophic level
3 multiple choice options
Animals such as earthworms and millipedes that feed on dead organic matter are ________.
decomposers
3 multiple choice options
Primary producers transform energy from sunlight and certain inorganic chemicals into ________.
high-energy carbohydrates
3 multiple choice options
The feeding interactions among species in a community are best described as a(n) ________.
food web
3 multiple choice options
Consumers are ________.
organisms that feed on other living organisms
3 multiple choice options
The approximate transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next higher trophic layer is ________.
10%
3 multiple choice options
Tertiary consumers are usually in which trophic level?
4th tropic level
3 multiple choice options
An organism occupying the 3rd trophic level is best described as a ________.
secondary consumer
3 multiple choice options
Over the past 2 million years, Earth's climate has:
cycled between cold and warm periods.
3 multiple choice options
If Earth had no carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, __________.
Earth would be considerably cooler
3 multiple choice options
Global warming leads to rising sea levels. About half of the increase in sea levels is due to:
the expansion of heated water.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following contribute the most to global warming?
carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide
3 multiple choice options
The most abundant greenhouse gas, which is not considered to be adding to global warming, is:
water vapor
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is the least abundant natural greenhouse gas?
methane
3 multiple choice options
In Brazil, what is the primary cause for increase in
CO2 in the atmosphere?
deforestation
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is the most abundant natural greenhouse gas?
water vapor
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a synthetic greenhouse gas?
chlorofluorcarbons
3 multiple choice options
The major source(s) of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere was/were ________.
refrigerants, solvents, and spray propellants
3 multiple choice options
Global warming and changing climates will likely affect wildlife in North America by:
increasing the spread of parasites and associated disease.
3 multiple choice options
The melting of icebergs in the Arctic Ocean will result in:
more solar radiation absorbed in this region.
3 multiple choice options
What is a growing concern related to sea level rise?
eroding shorelines in coastal areas
3 multiple choice options
Impacts of global warming include all of the following except ________.
decrease in mortality because winter is warmer
3 multiple choice options
What may be an ecological implication of global warming?
Plants and animals may not be able to move to a suitable habitat quickly enough.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a cause of natural climate change?
volcanic eruptions
3 multiple choice options
Some global circulation models assume that individuals and governments will take significant actions to slow the increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Even if this happens, we still expect that over the next 20 years, __________.
people in developing countries will suffer the most
3 multiple choice options
The accuracy of computer forecasts of global climate change is measured by:
"back casting" to see if the models accurately describe the weather and climate in the past.
3 multiple choice options
Scientists use ________ to forecast climate change.
computer simulation models
3 multiple choice options
________ is what scientists refer to the warming that would still occur even if all emissions would immediately cease.
Committed warming
3 multiple choice options
The greatest source of greenhouse gases in industrialized countries is:
power stations
3 multiple choice options
Biofuels and wind energy are examples of the stabilization wedge called:
renewable energy
3 multiple choice options
Halting deforestation and planting trees in large areas that presently have no trees is part of the stabilization wedge addressing:
biostorage
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following global warming mitigation efforts generates more emotion than any others?
increasing nuclear energy use
3 multiple choice options
How does China's air pollution get to the United States? China's air pollution __________.
is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States
3 multiple choice options
In general, China's air pollution __________.
decreases rainfall in California
3 multiple choice options
How do dust particles from the vast deserts in China affect weather patterns? The dust __________.
increases the chances of rainfall in California
3 multiple choice options
Snow and ice accumulations in California's mountains are carefully monitored because __________.
they contribute to the main water source for most of the residents of the state
3 multiple choice options
Which one of the following best illustrates a point source of pollution?
a tall smokestack on a coal-burning power plant
3 multiple choice options
In 1948 in Donora, Pennsylvania, the routine release of toxins into the air became a deadly fog because of:
a temperature inversion and secondary air pollutants.
3 multiple choice options
On May 18, 1980, Mount Saint Helens erupted violently, sending plumes of ash high into the air. About 250 miles east of the volcano, several inches of ash accumulated on the ground in the college town of Pullman, Washington, representing:
dry deposition of a natural aerosol.
3 multiple choice options
Photochemicals are secondary pollutants whose formation is facilitated by:
sunlight.
3 multiple choice options
A temperature inversion around a large city such as Los Angeles traps pollutants in:
cold air near the ground.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following particles is likely to fall out of the air faster?
pollen
3 multiple choice options