Chapter 9 - Higher Invertebrates

Feeding and Digestion in molluscs

Radula for grinding food; Digestive gland connected to the stomach

Feeding and digestion in arthropods

Maxilipeds to sort food; food passes to a 2 chambered stomach (cardiac for storage and pyloric for digestion)

feeding and digestion in echinoderms

Starfish locate prey and evert their cardiac stomach into a bivalve to digest them.

Echinoids are grazers and scrape algae or are deposit feeders

Crinoidea are suspension feeders

How does the nervous system (ganglia) function work in molluscs

They have a set of ganglia or "local brains"

How does the nervous system work for arthropods

They have a highly developed nervous system (compound eye, small/simple brain, keen sense of "smell", detect chemicals in water, capacity for learning) they have a pair of statocysts for balance and use body movements for communication

How does the nervous system work for echinoderms

a nerve ring that surrounds the mouth. A radial nerve branches off of the nerve ring and extends to each arm.

How does the reproduction (sexual or asexual) function work for molluscs

They are gonochoric and hermaphroditic. The male has a slipper shell but it can turn into female along with a penis amputation, then it can be a female. They have internal fertilization along with some that don't have a planktonic larval stage and a veliger.

How does the reproduction (sexual or asexual) function work for arthropods

They have external fertilization and a nauplius

How does the reproduction (sexual or asexual) function work for echinoderms

Reproduce asexually by regeneration or fragmentation.

Echinoderms may also have the ability to reproduce sexually as eggs and sperm are released into the water to be fertilized.

How does the circulation (open vs. closed circulatory, heart) function work for molluscs

They have a dorsal, muscular heart that pumps blood and they have an open circulatory system

How does the circulation (open vs. closed circulatory, heart) function work for arthropods

They have an open circulatory system and their gas exchange is carried out by gills attached to appendages

How does the circulation (open vs. closed circulatory, heart) function work for echinoderms

Echinoderms possess an open circulatory system, which carries fluid that does become exposed to the external environment

What is the ecological role of mulluscs

Food for humans and other animals

What is the ecological role of arthropods

zooplankton

huge role as food

competition and community structure

symbosis

nutrient cycle

fouling

What is the ecological role of echinoderms

Spiny skin deters most predators. Predators of mollusks, other echinoderms, cnidarians, and crustaceans. Black sea urchins control algae growth on coral reefs. Sea cucumber poison has potential as medicine.

CaCO3

calcium carbonate shell

What is the mantle?

The dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass

What are the layers of a shell?

periostracum layer, prismatic layer, nacreous layer

What animals are apart of the class Cephalopoda?

cuttlefish, squid, nautilus, octopus

What animals are apart of the class Bivalvia?

scallops, cockle, ship worm

What animals are apart of the class Gastropoda?

sea slug, nudibranch, cerata, portugese man-o-war, conch, abalone

What is in the class Polyplacophoran?

chiton

What is in the class Scaphopoda?

tusk shells

What is in the class Monoplacophorans?

limpet

Parts of a clam

What is the difference between an arm and a tentacle

Tentacles --> elongated structures and are generally longer than the length of the arms. Animals use their tentacles to catch prey from farther away

Arms --> have suction cups the entire length of the limb and can perform finer, more complex actions than tentacles

What are chromatophores?

color change

What is the internal shell

It is located inside the body and provides additional support and protection. The internal shell is made of protein and is attached to the body by a series of muscles

What is sepia

A dark fluid containing melanin

What is a natural pearl

came directly from an oyster

What is a cultured pearl

made of plastic

What is the umbo

oldest part of shell, around hinge

What is a siphon

Fused sections of the mantle that allow clams to feed and obtain oxygen while buried in sediment

What are abyssal threads

attach oysters to rocks

What is crystalline style

Enzyme secreting rod in stomach, rotates and helps digest food

What is the head and foot in a mullusc

Head --> mouth and sensory organs

Foot --> animal's organ of locomotion

What is visceral mass

Dorsal body region containing the other organ systems

What is operculum

Covering over the shell's aperture which allows it to be closed

What is a radula

a ribbon of tissues containing teeth used for scraping, piercing, tearing, or cutting pieces of food

What is a veliger

free-swimming planktonic larva

What is proboscis

a tube-like mouth that is often longer and larger than their body, to suck bodily fluids out of their prey

What is uniform growth

what is punctuated growth

Chelicerate (non crustacean)

Have a pair of chelicerae (oral appendages) and lacks moth parts for chewing food

Mandibulata (crustacean)

Have appendages called mandibles that can be used to chew

What is an exoskeleton

body armor, stuctural support

What is molting

shedding of the exoskeleton

cardiac stomach

stomach used for storage

pyloric stomach

stomach used for digestion

Label parts of a crayfish

What is the difference between a male and female crayfish

male --> Swimmerets are larger and stiff

female --> Swimmerets are smaller and feathery

What are copepods

plankton, use first pair of antennae to swim, parasitic

What are barnacles

Filter feeds, fouling organism, highly successful parasite, cirri

Fouling organisms

Organisms that live attached to surfaces that are underwater, causing negative effects to ships and pilings

cirri

in barnacles, pairs of feathery appendages that catch food particles

What are amphipods

body compressed from side to side, under 2cm long, crawl in sea weed, burrow into skin of whales

What are isopods?

Flat from top to bottom, pill bugs, fish lice (parasites on fish and crustaceans), tongue louse

krill

small, shrimplike creatures, food for whales and fish. Found in antarctic

shrimp

Decapod (5 pairs of walking legs), usually have claws for feeding, scavengers, remove parasites from skin of fish

mantis shrimp

Relative of the true shrimp that has modified appendages used to strike and kill their prey with amazing force

lobster

Nocturnal, filter feeders but also catch prey, bully netting

How can you tell the difference between and male and female crab

male --> V shape plate

female --> U shape plate

horseshoe crabs

Class Merostomata, horse shoe shaped carapace, 5 pairs of legs, unchanged throughout history

Blue blood in horseshoe crabs

Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL). Chemical in blood forms jello like substance in presence of bacteria. Used to make vaccines and medication that is safe for humans.

What are insecta

arthropods with a wide variety of adaptations for feeding, ability to fly, and metamorphosis

sea spiders

Class Pycnogonida, 4 pairs of legs, male carries eggs, cold water

What does echinodermata mean

spiny skinned

Pentamorous

5 way symmetry

oral vs aboral

oral side with mouth

aboral without mouth

Ossicles

Plates of calcium carbonate on endoskeleton

pedicellariae

tiny pincers that are used for keeping algae off skin by sea stars and some sea urchins

ambulacral groove

contains the tube feet on the oral side and used to pry open the shells of bivalves

madreporite

opening used to filter water into the stone canal of echinoderms

stone canal

tube that connects the madreporite to the ring canal

ring canal

connects the stone canal to the radial canals for water movement in a starfish

radial canal

water vascular canal that travels down each arm and provides water for the tube feet to contract

Class Holothuroidea

sea cucumbers

Cuvierian tubules

sticky tubules ejected from the anus of some sea cucumbers that function in defense

Holothurin

a toxic substance produced by sea cucumbers

Class Asteroidea

sea stars, starfish

tube feet

branches of water vascular system that function in locomotion, feeding and respiration

Evisceration

evert their stomachs through their mouths to eat their prey. The starfish then retracts its stomach back inside of its body.

Class Echinoidea

sea urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits

Aristotle's lantern

a chewing structure composed of five teeth found in the mouths of sea urchins.

Class Ophiuroidea

brittle stars, basket stars, serpent stars

Automize

voluntarily drop their arms if attacked by a predator.

Class Crinoidea/Crinoids

sea lilies and feather stars

Feather Star

Crinoids that move by means of flapping their feathery arms

Sea lily

Sessile crinoids with feathery arms; live attached by a stalk to the seafloor