PHS exam 2 ch 4-8

social justice

implies society that provides fair treatment and a fair share of the rewards of society to individuals and groups of individuals

psychology

theories of the orgins of behavior and risk-takeing tendencies and methods for altering individual and social behavior

sociology

theories of social development, organization behavior and system thinking: social impacts on individuals and group behaviors

anthropology

social and cultural influences on individual and population decision making for health with global perspective

political science/ public policy

approaches to government and policy making related to public health: structures for policy analytics and the impacts of government on public health design making

economics

understanding the micro-and macroeconomics impact on public health athe the health care system

communcations

theory and practice of mass and personalized communication and the role of media in communicating health information and health risks

demography

understanding demographic changes in population globally due to aging, migration, and differences in birth rates, plus their impact on health and society

geography

understanding the impacts of geography on disease and determinants of disease occurrence

influencing behavior s

shaping norms

influencing behavior e

enforcing patterns of social control

influencing behavior p

providing opportunities to engage in healthy behavior

influencing behavior hb

encouraging selection of healthy behaviors as a coping strategy

socioeconomic status

a classification of family income, edu level or parents’ and professional status or parents professional status

• living conditions

• overall educational opportunities

• educational opportunities for women

• occupational exposures

• access to goods and services

• family size

• exposures to high risk behaviors

• environmental

culture affecting health

a set of habits used by a large group of people o give people a sense of descion making

• cultural behavior related to social pratices

• norm of time to reach medical care

• what interventions are good

• how well one does treatment

region’s effect on health

a belief system followed by many (often linked closely to culture)

• affects social pratices

• affects responce to symptoms

• may effect interventions that are acceptable

• may effect responce to disease interventions

social determinants of health

the conditions in which people grow, live, work , worship, play and learn

social status

key category of social detriments of health- society’s value on certain characteristics

social support or alienation

key category of social detriments of health- being apart or not apart of a social network

food

key category of social detriments of health- food near you? food desert?

houseing

key category of social detriments of health- where do u live or do you have a safe house?

education

key category of social detriments of health- do they have acess to education and is it good?

work

key category of social detriments of health- is work safe and are they employed

stress

key category of social detriments of health- are you in axity inducing situations often?

transportation

key category of social detriments of health- can you navigate and is it immobilizeing

place

key category of social detriments of health- where do you live?

access to health services

key category of social detriments of health- is there healthcare near you?

health disparities

a difference in health that is closely linked to social or economic disadvantage

downstream factors

individual problem fixed with an individual intervention

mainstream factors

a relationship effecting an individual

upstream factors

social structures that effect health

theory

a set of interelated concepts that present a systematic veiw of a realtionship among variblies in order to predict or explain them

model

a combination of ideas and concepts that are taken from multiple theories

interapersonal

key theories used to address health behaviors- characteristics of individual, includeing knowlage attitudes belifs, modivestions self concept past exprinces, and skill

health belief model- charatristis and through process when deciding what the benfits vs cost are

stages of change model- im going to do it or not

theory of planned behavior- you behave according to your belifs and concepts

interpersonal

key category of social detriments of health- realtionship between people

social cognitive theory- how people interact between their envioment (reciprocal determinism- you will interplay among personal factors, enviroment and behavior

population and community

key category of social detriments of health- focusing on factors within structures and norms

diffusion innovation- how a new idea and or social pratice is disseminated and adopted in a poulation

how to choose a theory or model

identify problem

gather info

identify possible cause

identify level of interaction

identify theory that matches

social marketing

marketing for public health measures through

product

price

place

promotion

and branding

PRECEDE-PROCEED

the framework to evaluate public health programs through an implication and evaluation procedure

social assement

epidemiological assesment

behaviora; enviroment assessment

educational and organizational assessment

administrative and policy assessment

implematation

process evaluation

impact evaluation

outcome eveuation

bioethics

elements of healthcare and public health that applys morals and values to areas of potential conflict

police power

allows states to pass legislation that takes action to protect the common good

negative constitution

where thegoverment has area to act but are not required to

health in all policy approach

private and pulic entities work towards common goals to achive improved health for ll reducing health inequalities

social justice

equitable distrabution of health as a social responciplity

market justice

its an individual rather than collective responsibility of health

no-duty principle

hold healthcare professionals to provide health care

self-imposed risk

a risk that one takes willing knowing the problity of good and bad outcomes

imposed risk

risk to individuals and populations that are out of their control

institutional reveiw borads

approve human research on the basics of

respects for persons(protect them)

benficence(do no harm and maximize benfits and limit harms)

justice(all subjects are treated equal)

public health emergency of international concern

notifys all countries of disease control and communicates potential harms

epidemiological transition

the change from the top cause of death from communicable disease to noncommunicable

screenings

a form of preventive treatment that can prevent the development of noncommunicable disease

asymptomatic

when a person has a disease but not any symptoms

qualifications of a disease that make screening effective

• the disease produces substantial death or disability rates

• early detection is possible and improves outcome

• there is a feasible testing strategy for screening

• screening is acceptable in terms of harms, cost and patient acceptance

lead-time bias

early detection without improved outcome

false postive and false negtives

the wrong results of testing that can make a testing strategy less feasible

true postive

a positive test with signs and symptoms present

bay’s theory

theorem that can calculate the likely hood of disease before testing

sequentiel testing

intial screening is followed by one or more definitive tests

multiple risk factor reduction

the strategy that simultaneously interveins in a series of risk factors

cost-effectiveness

a concept that combines issues of benefits and harms with issues of financial costs

net-effectiveness

the benefits are greater than the harms

prediction rules

the revolution of genetics that has opened up other possible strategies for addressing the burden of noncommunicable diseases

incomplete penetrance

when genetics are not a 100 chance of getting that disease

carrier tests

used to identify someone who has a increased risk for having a child with a genetic disease

communicable disease

disease caused by a wide variety of organisms that can be passed and contracted by others

epidemic

a disease that becomes a routine cause of death

pandemic

a worldwide epidemic

conditions of contributory cause (koch’s postulates)

• the organism is present in every case

• the organism is not found in other cases of other disease

• once isolated the disease must be able to replicate the disease in an experimental disease

• the organism must be recoverable fromthe animal

modern koch’s postulates

• evidence of an epidemiological association between the presence of the organism and the presence of a disease in human beings

• isolation of the organism from most of thoses with disease

• transmission to definitively establish than an organism is a contributory cause of disease

Ro (r naught)

the measurement of the average number of infections produced by an infected individual exposed to an otherwise susceptible population

factors that impact ro

• transmission probability- how likely it is to be transmitted; route of transmission effects this

• period of communicability: the time that the infection can be transmitted

things to prevent epidemics

• quarantine

• effective treatment

• barriers such as masks

• vaccination

cronic carriers

individuals that are able to transmit disease without symptoms for an extended period of time

public health tools available to address the burden of disease

• barrier protection

• immunizations

• screenings

• treatment and contact treatment

• efforts to maximize the effectiveness of treatments by preventing resistance

incubation period

the expected period of time between contact and development

immunization

the strengthing of the immune system to prevent or control disease

passive immunity

short term protection

inactivated vaccine

dead antigens

live vaccines

stimulate the body’s own immunize system to produce antibodies

cell-mediated immunity

what live vaccines produce

herd immunity

when 70-90 percent of people are vaccinated causing little threat to people without vaccine

case finding

tracking the contraction web

infectivity

ease of transmission

epidemiological treatment

treatment of those who may have contracted the disease

human microbiome

the ecosystem of bacteria on and in the human body

characteristic that make a disease eradicable

• no animal reservoir

• short presence in environment

• absence of long term carrier state

• the disease produces long term immunity

• vaccination creates lonterm immunity

• herd immunity protects those who are suscepiable

• easliy identifible

• effective postexposure vaccination

unaltered environment

the natural environment that God made

altered enviroment

the natural environment that humans altered a bit

built environment

the environment that humans built

risk assement

the formal process that aims to measure the potential impact of known hazards

4 step risk assesment process

• hazard identification- what health problems are caused?

• dose resonce assessment- how much exposed to have health problems

• exposure assessment- how log exposed effect health/ how many

• risk characterization- what are the extra risks to health problems do exposed people exprince

public health assessment

risk assessment that includes data on actual exposure in a community

ecological risk

the risk of the environment not only humans

interaction analysis approach

to understand and control the impacts of enviromental exposures we take into account that there could be 2 or more exposures

multiplicative interaction

multiplying the rate of exposure of both diseases you are exposed to

healthy communities

a movement that is put in place to combat the effects of the built environment by creating a culture of health

health equity

the idea that everyone should have equal opprotunity to pursue health

all-hazard approach

using a generalized approach to be prepared for all hazards used to keep the population safe