Biology Chapter 7: DNA Structure and Gene Function

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43 Terms

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid a molecule with a remarkable function: It stores the information that each cell needs to produce proteins.

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Nucleotides

Form DNA's building blocks, and they knew that each nucleotide included one type of base Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine.

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The two strands of a DNA molecule are...

Complementary to each other.

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Genome

All of an organisms genetic material in its cells.

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Chromosome

A discrete package of DNA coiled around proteins.

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Gene

A sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes a specific protein or RNA molecule the human genome includes 20,000 to 25,000 genes scattered on its 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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Transcription

A cell rewrites a gene's DNA sequence to complementary RNA molecule.

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Translation

The information in RNA is used to assemble a different class of molecule: protein

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Messenger RNA

Carries the information that specifies a protein the mRNA is divided into genetic "code words" called codons.

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Codon

A group of three consecutive MRNA bases that corresponds to one amino acid.

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Transfer RNA

Molecules are "connectors" that bind an mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid at the other.

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Ribosomal RNA

Combines with proteins to form a ribosome.

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Ribosome

The physical location where translation occurs.

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Template Strand

Contains the DNA sequence that is actually copied to RNA

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RNA Polymerase

The enzyme that builds an RNA chain, may then attach to the promoter.

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Genetic Code

The set of "rules" by which a cell uses the codon in mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein.

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Anticodon

A three-based loop on a TRNA that is complementary to one mRNA codon.

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Chromosomes

discrete packages of DNA coiled around proteins.

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RNA

nucleic acid that participates in protein synthesis

three RNAs interact with each other to synthesize proteins during translation.

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gene

  • is a small region of a chromosome.

  • The sequence of DNA in each gene encodes a specific protein.

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The nucleotide sequence of mRNA depends

directly on DNA’s nucleotide sequence.

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The amino acid sequence in protein is dictated

the nucleotides in the mRNA molecule.

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covalent bonds

join together nucleotides into chains called DNA “strands.”

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Each DNA molecule is made up of

two strands of nucleotides. The two strands wind together into a “double helix” shape.

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  • DNA strands are

  • antiparallel to each other and complementary to each other

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  • The three parts of a nucleotide are a

  • phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

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  • DNA is nucleic acid composed of

  • nucleotides

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  • All cells use DNA to store genetic information, which is what cells need to

  • produce proteins.

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Proteins

Chains of amino acids that fold into incirrate( 3 dimensional shape).

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

genetic material consisting of a double helix of nucleotides, each containing the sugar deoxyribose.

*Stores the information in each cell needed to produce proteins.

*Before a cell divides, it first makes a replica of its DNA. it copies all the information to enable the next generation of cells to live.

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Enzymes

Proteins interact with this chemical inside a cell to speed up chemical reactions

-Breaks down food builds the cell structure, places blood type on red blood cells surface, produces melanin pigment in your skin, color of your eyes etc.

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James Watson and Francis Crick

used two lines of evidence to deduce DNA’s structure.

-1940s deduced that each gene somehow controls the production of one protein.

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.Biochemist Erwin Chargaff 

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-show the amount of guanine in a DNA molecule always = the amount of cytosine 

-the amount of adenine always = the amount of thymine.

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2.English Physicist Maurice Wilkins and Chemist Rosland Franklin

-used a technique called X-Ray diffraction to reveal a repeating structure of building blocks, consistent with a helix.

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Adenine and guanine bases

double ring structure

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Cytosine and Thymine

each has a single ring

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DNA has

sugar of H, AG CT(thymine) BASES, double-stranded, and stores RNA to transfer info to the next cell.

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RNA has

sugar of OH, AG CU(uracil) bases, single-stranded, and carries protein encoding info, helps to make proteins and catalyzes some reactions,

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DNA pairs with

RNA

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RNA pairs with

RNA

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Codon

a triplet of mRNA bases that specifies a particular amino acid or a “stop” signal