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Anterior
Front part of the nervous system.
Posterior
Back part of the nervous system.
Dorsal
Top side of the brain or spinal cord.
Ventral
Bottom side of the brain or spinal cord.
Medial
Middle position relative to the body.
Lateral
Side position relative to the body.
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body.
Contralateral
Opposite side of the body.
Afferent
Sensory pathways bringing information to the brain.
Efferent
Motor pathways sending commands from the brain.
Horizontal Plane
Divides body into upper and lower parts.
Sagittal Plane
Divides body into left and right parts.
Coronal Plane
Divides body into front and back parts.
Olfactory Cortex
Brain region for processing smell.
Motor Cortex
Brain region controlling voluntary movements.
Take Home Message
Understanding nervous system navigation is essential.
Sensory Information
Data received from sensory organs for processing.
Motor Response
Action initiated by the brain towards muscles.
Afferent Nerves
Nerves carrying sensory information to the brain.
Efferent Nerves
Nerves transmitting motor commands from the brain.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord; processes sensory information.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves outside CNS; connects to body parts.
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary movements and external interactions.
Autonomic Nervous System
Regulates involuntary functions like heart rate.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sustains non-emergency bodily functions.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Prepares body for action in emergencies.
Spinal Cord
Transmits signals between brain and body.
Quadriplegia
Paralysis affecting all four limbs.
Paraplegia
Paralysis affecting lower body only.
Meninges
Protective membranes encasing brain and spinal cord.
Spinal Reflex
Automatic response bypassing brain for quick action.
Neurons
Basic units of the nervous system transmitting signals.
Sensory Reality
Brain's interpretation of sensory data for perception.
Integration of Information
Combining sensory data for coherent understanding.
Behavioral Response
Actions taken based on processed sensory information.
Vestibular System
Maintains balance and spatial orientation.
Proprioceptors
Sensors providing body position and movement feedback.
Cranial Nerves
Nerves directly connecting brain to head and neck.
Somatic Nervous System
Part of PNS controlling voluntary muscle movements.
Sensory Nerves
Transmit messages from receptors to CNS.
Motor Nerves
Carry messages from CNS to muscles.
Cranial Nerves
Twelve pairs supplying head and face functions.
Mixed Nerves
Nerves with both sensory and motor functions.
Proprioceptive Sense
Awareness of body position in space.
Sensory Pathways
Convey sensory information to the brain.
Dermatome
Area of skin supplied by a single nerve.
Law of Bell and Magendie
Sensory fibers enter dorsal, motor fibers exit ventral.
Sympathetic Pathways
Activate during stress, initiating 'fight or flight' response.
Parasympathetic Pathways
Activate during calm, promoting 'rest and digest' functions.
Efferent Motor Pathways
Nerve pathways that control body actions.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Regulates involuntary bodily functions.
Hypothalamus Role
Regulates body responses to stress and calm.
Sensory Pathways in ANS
Monitor internal organ activity and sensations.
CNS
Central nervous system; includes brain and spinal cord.
Spinal Nerves
Nerves monitored by the spinal cord.
Sweating Response
Increased sweating due to stress activation.
Heart Rate Regulation
ANS adjusts heart rate based on stress levels.
Pupil Dilation
Increased pupil size for better visual acuity.
Internal Organ Monitoring
Sensory pathways track organ activity for regulation.
Autonomic Nervous System
Regulates involuntary bodily functions and processes.
Sympathetic System
Mobilizes body for emergency actions.
Parasympathetic System
Sustains non-emergency bodily functions.
Peripheral Nervous System
Transmits information to and from the CNS.
Cranial Nerve IX (CN9)
Stimulates salivation and controls swallowing.
Efferent Nerves
Motor nerves that carry signals away from CNS.
Afferent Nerves
Sensory nerves that carry signals to CNS.
Enteric Nervous System
Regulates gastrointestinal functions independently.
Vagus Nerve
Controls parasympathetic functions from the brain.
Spinal Nerves
Transmit signals between spinal cord and body.
Central Nervous System
Processes and interprets sensory information.
High Level Spinal Cord Injury
May retain organ function via vagus nerve.
Larynx and Pharynx Control
Regulates airway constriction and swallowing.
Digestive Process Regulation
Increased by parasympathetic nervous system activity.
Pupil Contraction
Occurs during relaxation, controlled by autonomic system.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Fluid cushioning brain, circulates in subarachnoid space.
Subarachnoid Space
Area between arachnoid and pia mater filled with CSF.
Meninges
Three protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Dura Mater
Tough outermost layer of the meninges.
Arachnoid Layer
Middle layer of meninges with a web-like appearance.
Pia Mater
Delicate innermost layer of the meninges.
Gyri
Bumps or ridges on the brain's surface.
Sulci
Shallow valleys between gyri on the brain.
Fissures
Deep grooves separating major brain regions.
Central Fissure
Divides frontal and parietal lobes.
Longitudinal Fissure
Separates left and right hemispheres.
Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure
Divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes.
White Matter
Brain areas rich in myelinated axons.
Gray Matter
Brain areas composed mainly of cell bodies.
Ventricles
Cavities in the brain producing cerebrospinal fluid.
Third Ventricle
Located centrally within the brain, produces CSF.
Fourth Ventricle
Connects to the spinal canal, contains CSF.
Lateral Ventricles
Two large cavities in each hemisphere of the brain.
Cerebellum
Brain region responsible for coordination and balance.
Frontal Lobe
Region associated with reasoning and planning.
Parietal Lobe
Processes sensory information from the body.
Temporal Lobe
Involved in auditory processing and memory.
Occipital Lobe
Responsible for visual processing.
Brainstem
Controls basic life functions like breathing.
Cranial Nerves
Nerves that emerge directly from the brain.
Insular Lobe
Fifth lobe involved in consciousness and emotion.