Psych 255 Chapter 2

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219 Terms

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Anterior

Front part of the nervous system.

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Posterior

Back part of the nervous system.

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Dorsal

Top side of the brain or spinal cord.

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Ventral

Bottom side of the brain or spinal cord.

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Medial

Middle position relative to the body.

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Lateral

Side position relative to the body.

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Ipsilateral

Same side of the body.

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Contralateral

Opposite side of the body.

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Afferent

Sensory pathways bringing information to the brain.

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Efferent

Motor pathways sending commands from the brain.

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Horizontal Plane

Divides body into upper and lower parts.

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Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right parts.

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Coronal Plane

Divides body into front and back parts.

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Olfactory Cortex

Brain region for processing smell.

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Motor Cortex

Brain region controlling voluntary movements.

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Take Home Message

Understanding nervous system navigation is essential.

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Sensory Information

Data received from sensory organs for processing.

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Motor Response

Action initiated by the brain towards muscles.

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Afferent Nerves

Nerves carrying sensory information to the brain.

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Efferent Nerves

Nerves transmitting motor commands from the brain.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord; processes sensory information.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves outside CNS; connects to body parts.

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Somatic Nervous System

Controls voluntary movements and external interactions.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates involuntary functions like heart rate.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Sustains non-emergency bodily functions.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Prepares body for action in emergencies.

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Spinal Cord

Transmits signals between brain and body.

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Quadriplegia

Paralysis affecting all four limbs.

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Paraplegia

Paralysis affecting lower body only.

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Meninges

Protective membranes encasing brain and spinal cord.

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Spinal Reflex

Automatic response bypassing brain for quick action.

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Neurons

Basic units of the nervous system transmitting signals.

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Sensory Reality

Brain's interpretation of sensory data for perception.

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Integration of Information

Combining sensory data for coherent understanding.

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Behavioral Response

Actions taken based on processed sensory information.

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Vestibular System

Maintains balance and spatial orientation.

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Proprioceptors

Sensors providing body position and movement feedback.

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Cranial Nerves

Nerves directly connecting brain to head and neck.

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Somatic Nervous System

Part of PNS controlling voluntary muscle movements.

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Sensory Nerves

Transmit messages from receptors to CNS.

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Motor Nerves

Carry messages from CNS to muscles.

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Cranial Nerves

Twelve pairs supplying head and face functions.

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Mixed Nerves

Nerves with both sensory and motor functions.

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Proprioceptive Sense

Awareness of body position in space.

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Sensory Pathways

Convey sensory information to the brain.

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Dermatome

Area of skin supplied by a single nerve.

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Law of Bell and Magendie

Sensory fibers enter dorsal, motor fibers exit ventral.

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Sympathetic Pathways

Activate during stress, initiating 'fight or flight' response.

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Parasympathetic Pathways

Activate during calm, promoting 'rest and digest' functions.

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Efferent Motor Pathways

Nerve pathways that control body actions.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Regulates involuntary bodily functions.

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Hypothalamus Role

Regulates body responses to stress and calm.

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Sensory Pathways in ANS

Monitor internal organ activity and sensations.

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CNS

Central nervous system; includes brain and spinal cord.

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Spinal Nerves

Nerves monitored by the spinal cord.

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Sweating Response

Increased sweating due to stress activation.

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Heart Rate Regulation

ANS adjusts heart rate based on stress levels.

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Pupil Dilation

Increased pupil size for better visual acuity.

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Internal Organ Monitoring

Sensory pathways track organ activity for regulation.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates involuntary bodily functions and processes.

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Sympathetic System

Mobilizes body for emergency actions.

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Parasympathetic System

Sustains non-emergency bodily functions.

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Peripheral Nervous System

Transmits information to and from the CNS.

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Cranial Nerve IX (CN9)

Stimulates salivation and controls swallowing.

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Efferent Nerves

Motor nerves that carry signals away from CNS.

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Afferent Nerves

Sensory nerves that carry signals to CNS.

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Enteric Nervous System

Regulates gastrointestinal functions independently.

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Vagus Nerve

Controls parasympathetic functions from the brain.

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Spinal Nerves

Transmit signals between spinal cord and body.

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Central Nervous System

Processes and interprets sensory information.

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High Level Spinal Cord Injury

May retain organ function via vagus nerve.

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Larynx and Pharynx Control

Regulates airway constriction and swallowing.

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Digestive Process Regulation

Increased by parasympathetic nervous system activity.

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Pupil Contraction

Occurs during relaxation, controlled by autonomic system.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Fluid cushioning brain, circulates in subarachnoid space.

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Subarachnoid Space

Area between arachnoid and pia mater filled with CSF.

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Meninges

Three protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

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Dura Mater

Tough outermost layer of the meninges.

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Arachnoid Layer

Middle layer of meninges with a web-like appearance.

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Pia Mater

Delicate innermost layer of the meninges.

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Gyri

Bumps or ridges on the brain's surface.

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Sulci

Shallow valleys between gyri on the brain.

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Fissures

Deep grooves separating major brain regions.

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Central Fissure

Divides frontal and parietal lobes.

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Longitudinal Fissure

Separates left and right hemispheres.

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Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure

Divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes.

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White Matter

Brain areas rich in myelinated axons.

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Gray Matter

Brain areas composed mainly of cell bodies.

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Ventricles

Cavities in the brain producing cerebrospinal fluid.

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Third Ventricle

Located centrally within the brain, produces CSF.

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Fourth Ventricle

Connects to the spinal canal, contains CSF.

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Lateral Ventricles

Two large cavities in each hemisphere of the brain.

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Cerebellum

Brain region responsible for coordination and balance.

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Frontal Lobe

Region associated with reasoning and planning.

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Parietal Lobe

Processes sensory information from the body.

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Temporal Lobe

Involved in auditory processing and memory.

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Occipital Lobe

Responsible for visual processing.

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Brainstem

Controls basic life functions like breathing.

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Cranial Nerves

Nerves that emerge directly from the brain.

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Insular Lobe

Fifth lobe involved in consciousness and emotion.