Chapter 10, Strayer, Ways of the World with Sources for the AP® Modern Course Since 1300 C.E., 5E

scientific racism

A new kind of racism that emerged in the nineteenth century that increasingly used the prestige and apparatus of science to support European racial prejudices and preferences.

civilizing mission

A European understanding of empire that emphasized Europeans’ duty to “civilize inferior races” by bringing Christianity, good government, education, work discipline, and production for the market to colonized peoples, while suppressing “native customs,” such as polygamy, that ran counter to Western ways of living.

social Darwinism

An outlook that suggested that European dominance inevitably led to the displacement or destruction of backward peoples or “unfit” races; this view made imperialism, war, and aggression seem both natural and progressive.

scramble for Africa

The process by which European countries partitioned the continent of Africa among themselves in the period 1875–1900.

settler colonies

Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Examples include British North America, Portuguese Brazil, Spanish Mexico and Peru, Australia, New Zealand, Algeria, and South Africa.

Indian Rebellion of 1857–1858

Massive uprising of parts of India against British rule caused by the introduction to the colony’s military forces of a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from pigs and cows, which caused strife among Muslims, who regarded pigs as unclean, and Hindus, who venerated cows. It came to express a variety of grievances against the colonial order.

Congo Free State

A private colony ruled personally by Leopold II, king of Belgium; it was the site of widespread forced labor and killing to ensure the collection of wild rubber; by 1908 these abuses led to reforms that transferred control to the Belgian government.

cultivation system

System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops, such as sugar or coffee, for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from resale of the crops.

cash-crop production

female circumcision

The excision of a pubescent girl’s clitoris and adjacent genital tissue as part of initiation rites marking her coming

Africanization of Christianity

Process that occurred in non

Hinduism

A religion based on the many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies in India; in the thinking of nineteenth

Vivekananda

Leading religious figure of nineteenth

African identity

A new way of thinking about belonging that emerged by the end of the nineteenth century among well

Edward Blyden

Prominent West African scholar and political leader who argued that each civilization, including that of Africa, has its own unique contribution to make to the world.

idea of “tribe”

A new sense of clearly defined ethnic identities that emerged in twentieth