BIO 322 - Chapter 2b: Respiratory Disorders

S/S of pulmonary diseases

• cough (dry or productive)

• dyspnea

• altered breathing patterns

• hyperventilation

• hypoventilation

• tachypnea

• bradypnea

• apnea

• hemoptysis

• abnormal sputum

• clubbing

• cyanosis

• chest pain

what is tachypnea

high respiratory rate

what is bradypnea

low respiratory rate

what is hyperpnea

high Tidal volume, low respiratory rate (hyperventilation)

what is shallow breathing

low tidal volume, normal respiratory rate (hypoventilation)

what is Kussmaul’s breathing

tachypnea and hyperpnea (DKA)

what is cheyne-stokes breathing?

alternating tachypnea and apnea (bad)

what is COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis or emphysema)

what is asthma?

• a chronic disease (> 3 months)

• obstructive condition

• asthma is NOT COPD, usually reversible

Asthma

chronic inflammatory disorder of bronchial mucosa

Triggers: allergens, irritants

S/S: wheezing, dyspnea, chest tightness, hyperventilation, dry cough

Pathophys for asthma

Pathophys: thickening of the airway walls, mucus plugs, smooth muscle spasms

• IgE binds to mast cells causing mast cell degranulation (secretes histamine)

• asthma attack = bronchospasm on exposure to triggers

Acute Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchial tree caused by infection (Virus) or irritating factors (smoke, ect.)

S/S: fever/chills, viral = non-productive cough, bacterial = productive cough, chest pain

Diagnoses: physical exam, chest x-ray, pulmonary functional tests

Treatments: rest, aspirin, humidity, cough suppressant

Chronic Bronchitis (part of COPD)

Hypersecretion of mucus and productive cough for > 3 months of the year for 2 or more consecutive years

S/S: productive cough, SOB, wheezing, cyanosis and edema, hypoxemia, frequent pulmonary infections, Cor Pulmonale (from increased afterload)

Emphysema

Alveolar destruction and elastin breakdown

causes: A1 Anti-Trypsin Deficiency, smoking

S/S: pink puffers (pursed lips), dyspnea, barrel chest, hypermetabolic state, hypercapnia

Dx: hypercapnia, chest x-ray (shows enlarged and elongated lungs), no cyanosis (pink appearance)

Tx: Bronchodialators, stop smoking

Pneumonia

lower respiratory tract infection

• CAP - community acquired pneumonia

• HCAP - health care associated pneumonia

• HAP - hospital acquired pneumonia

• VAP - ventilator associated pneumonia

pathophys: inflammatory response, dead bacteria and cells fill in alveoli (consolidation)

S/S: dyspnea, high fever, cough, SOB

Dx: inspiratory crackles, dullness to percussion, blood and sputum cultures

Tuberculosis

infectious lung disease

causes: mycobacterium tuberculosis, also from travel to third world country

Latent TB: asymptomatic and slow to progress, chest x-ray shows granuloma

Active TB: productive cough w/ blood streaked sputum, fever, chills, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss

Systemic TB: can affect other organs

pathophys:

• granuloma formation

Testing: TB skin test, chest x-ray

Coccidioidomycosis - Valley Fever

fungal infection acquired by inhaling arthospores in the dust in the southwest

S/S: flu-like (fever, chills, night sweats) cough, chest pain, SOB

• erythmea nodosum (painful nodules in the lower legs)

Bronchiectasis

persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi

causes: mucus plug, infection, TB, CF

S/S: chronic and productive cough, foul smelling sputum, clubbing, cyanosis

Testing: High Res CT, hypoxemia (low O2)

Cor Pulmonale