NEW exam 6 microbial pahtogenesis

Fungi are .

Eukaryotes

Fungi are .

Fungi: EUKARYOTIC; Bacteria: PROKARYOTIC

Fungi are .

Fungi: > 5 μm; Bacteria: < 2 μm

Fungi are .

Fungi: CHITIN/GLUCAN; Bacteria: PEPTIDOGLYCAN

Fungi are .

Fungi: CONTAIN STEROLS; Bacteria: LACK STEROLS

Fungi are .

Fungi: +; Bacteria: -

Fungi are .

Fungi: +; Bacteria: -

Fungi are .

Fungi: 80S (60S, 40S); Bacteria: 70S (50S, 30S)

Fungi are .

Fungi: SPORES and BUDDING; Bacteria: BINARY FISSION

Fungi are .

ecological and economic

Fungi are .

6 million

Fungi are .

600+

Fungi are .

penicillin

Fungi are .

In the environment; In soil and on/in plants; On/in humans/animals

Fungi are .

immune system

Fungi are .

HIV, chemotherapy

Fungi are .

do not work

Fungi are .

chitin and glucan

Fungi are .

fungi

Fungi are .

disease(s)

Fungi are .

healthy

Fungi are .

immunosuppressed

Fungi are .

Yeasts and Molds

Fungi are .

only grow in one form

Fungi are .

occur in both mold and yeast forms; temperature-dependent dimorphism; nutrient-dependent dimorphism

Fungi are .

blastospores

Fungi are .

pseudohyphae

Fungi are .

tubular, branching, multinucleated, filamentous elements

Fungi are .

Septate; Aseptate

Fungi are .

Hyphae that are septated have protoplasm that is interrupted by cross walls

Fungi are .

Hyphae that are nonseptate have protoplasm that is continuous and multinucleated

Fungi are .

Intertwined masses of hyphae

Fungi are .

multicellular filamentous colonies on agar plate (or on food)

Fungi are .

5 – 10 microns

Fungi are .

reproduction

Fungi are .

teleomorph

Fungi are .

anamorph

Fungi are .

Spores which are produced and shed from the hyphae

Fungi are .

Arthrospores; Blastospores; Chlamydospores

Fungi are .

produced by segmentation of hyphae

Fungi are .

produced by budding

Fungi are .

large, thick walled, formed by differentiation of hyphal elements

Fungi are .

comprised of N-acetyl glucosamine residues

Fungi are .

comprised of D-glucose residues

Fungi are .

ergosterol

Fungi are .

Amphotericin B

Fungi are .

Azoles

Fungi are .

Epithelial cell turnover (epithelial shedding); Desiccation; Fatty acids; Low pH; Bacterial flora

Fungi are .

Alterations in the balance of the normal flora, antibiotics, or changes in nutrition allow fungi, such as Candida albicans, to proliferate

Fungi are .

TLR2: β (1,6)-glucan; TLR4: mannan; TLR9: chitin; Dectin-1: β (1,3)-glucan; Mel-Lec: Melanin

Fungi are .

Fungal adhesion to tissue, replication; Increased replication and morphotypes trigger inflammatory response; Invasion through intercellular junctions induces damage response; Inflammatory cytokine production causes increased neutrophil recruitment

Fungi are .

neutrophils rapidly coordinate migration towards sterile inflammation and infection, forming clusters or swarms

Fungi are .

Extracellular traps (NETs) released into infected tissues

Fungi are .

Phagocytize and kill conidia; Cytokine production to enhance fungicidal activity of neutrophils; Transport conidia to the lymph nodes and facilitate adaptive CD4+ T cell responses; Antigen presentation; Improve memory responses

Fungi are .

Reservoir of viable conidia (Trojan horse); Can aid in dissemination; Resists extracellular killing mechanisms, latency

Fungi are .

Superficial; Cutaneous infections: Dermatophytosis; Subcutaneous infections; Systemic infections; Opportunistic fungal infections

Fungi are .

An intoxication due to ingestion of toxic metabolites that fungi produced in food products

Fungi are .

public health alert

Fungi are .

local

Fungi are .

systemic

Fungi are .

2 weeks

Fungi are .

prophylactic (preventive)

Fungi are .

limited

Fungi are .

Allylamines; Azoles; Echinocandins; Polyenes; Pyrimidine inhibitors

Fungi are .

inhibit ergosterol synthesis

Fungi are .

prevent ergosterol synthesis

Fungi are .

target the fungal cell wall

Fungi are .

bind ergosterol and form pores in membranes

Fungi are .

altered membrane permeability, leakage of cell constituents, and cell death

Fungi are .

ergosterol

Fungi are .

ergosterol

Fungi are .

β-(1,3) glucan synthase

Fungi are .

Specific; Minimal

Fungi are .

gets incorporated by fungi into DNA and inhibits replication and protein synthesis

Fungi are .

quickly

Fungi are .

Compete for adhesion sites; Coaggregation molecules; Production of secondary metabolites; Acids; Hydrogen peroxide; Biosurfactants – prevents adhesion and biofilm

Fungi are .

Stimulation of the immune system of their host through T cell activation - production of IL-17, which is protective against C. albicans

Fungi are .

Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Blastomyces

Fungi are .

Yeast cell wall protein

Fungi are .

Th1

Fungi are .

acellular

Fungi are .

replicate; energy

Fungi are .

ribosomes; metabolism

Fungi are .

Nucleic acid; Capsid; Accessory proteins; Envelope

Fungi are .

single stranded; double stranded

Fungi are .

protein, typically forms an ordered structure around the genetic material of the virus

Fungi are .

polymerases, proteases, endonucleases

Fungi are .

enveloped; host

Fungi are .

Icosahedral; Helical

Fungi are .

budding

Fungi are .

lysis

Fungi are .

genetic material; evolutionary

Fungi are .

Tend to be large; Can use host polymerase to replicate; therefore, these viruses are often oncogenic

Fungi are .

must avoid cellular machinery that degrades SS DNA

Fungi are .

viral polymerase

Fungi are .

viral polymerase

Fungi are .

viral polymerase

Fungi are .

Integrate into host genome; Require viral reverse transcriptase to replicate

Fungi are .

living; extracellularly

Fungi are .

exceptionally high error rates