KHS 425 - FINAL REVIEW

30 multiple choice, 7 short answer, bring calculator

If fat-free mass increases, ___.

performance may improve or decline, depending on the sport

Which of these is not a consequence of excessive weight loss?

improved performance

The best way to lose weight in preparation for an upcoming competition season is to ___.

lose 0.5 to 1 kg per week by kilocalorie restriction and exercise

___ glycemic index foods are best before exercise, while ___ glycemic index foods are best immediately after exercise.

low; high

A drawback of using BMI measurements is that ___.

BMI does not account for differences in body composition

Which of these fat locations carries the highest risk?

abdomen

Which form of body composition assessment relies on tissue conductivity?

bioelectrical impedance

A Bod Pod assesses body composition via ___.

all of these (total body volume, air displacement, air plethysmography)

Which of these daily recommended nutrient intakes is correct?

carbohydrate: 55-60% of total kilocalorie intake

Although carbohydrate molecules can come in many sizes, the body must convert them all into ___ before it can use them.

monosaccharides

What is the consequence of eating a preexercise snack that is high in simple carbohydrate?

hyperinsulinemia

The most potent dietary antioxidant vitamin is ___.

vitamin E

The most abundant mineral in the body is ___.

calcium

According to BMI tables, someone with a BMI of 29.5 would be categorized as ___.

overweight

Which of the components of energy expenditure is most variable?

TEA (thermal effect of activity)

Apple-shaped (upper body) obesity carries a higher risk for all of the following except ___.

osteoarthritis

The ACSM recommends ___ min of moderate-intensity exercise per week to help prevent weight gain.

150 to 200

The study of how our bodies’ structures and functions are altered when we are exposed to acute and chronic exercise is ___.

exercise physiology

The basic functional unit of a myofibril is a ___.

sarcomere

The process of muscle contraction involves ___.

Ca2+

Type II fibers ___.

have more muscle fibers per motor unit

In the absence of O2, the final product of glycolysis is ___.

lactic acid

Which energy substrate contains the most energy per gram?

fat

ATP + water + ATPase =  

ADP + Pi + energy

During the 400 m sprint, which 2 metabolic pathways will be primarily involved?

ATP-PCr and glycolysis

What neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the motor end plate of a neuromuscular junction?

ACh (acetylcholine)

Erythropoietin release in the primary stimulus for ___. 

red blood cell production

A disadvantage of direct calorimetry is that ___.

heat from the equipment used must be taken into account

The body utilizes ___ O2 when metabolizing carb compared to fat 

less

As RER values approach 1.0, ___.

glucose/glycogen metabolism is maximal

Use of HR monitoring to estimate energy expenditure is based on a ___.

linear relationship

Which is not important predictor of successful endurance athlete performance?

high number of type II fibers

A term used to describe when O2 supply does not increase as demand increases is ___ ___.

oxygen deficit

O2 deficit is incurred when ___.

O2 demand > O2 consumption in early exercise

Why are normalized VO2 values greater in men than women?

men have more fat-free mass

During endurance exercise, fatigue correlates with ___.

low glycogen stores

If muscle pH falls to 6.4, what occurs in the cell that promotes fatigue?

glycogen breakdown stops

Motivational self-talk can decrease ___ and increase ___ performance during exercise.

rate of perceived exertion; endurance

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the longest?

diastole

EDV - ESV = ___

stroke volume

Which type of blood vessel allows exchange of nutrients, wastes, and blood gases?

capillaries

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest walls?

left ventricle

Cardiac muscle fibers are most similar to which skeletal muscle fiber?

type I

At rest, ___ receive about 50% of cardiac output.

liver and kidneys

Plasma is primarily made of ___.

water

The volume of air that remains in lungs after expiration and cannot be exhaled is ___.

residual volume

Ventilation is ___ to exercise intensity.

directly proportional

During moderate exercise in the heat, which vascular beds receive the most blood flow?

muscles and skin

What is exercise physiology? How does sport physiology differ from exercise physiology?

exercise physiology — study of how body structure and function are altered by exposure to acute and chronic bouts of exercise

sport physiology — applies exercise physiology concepts to training athletes and enhancing sport performance

A runner at the end of a 3200 m (2 mi) run who tries to sprint the last few meters of the race is most likely using which 2 major metabolic pathways?

glycolytic and oxidative

glycolytic —> allows extra boost of energy to sprint

oxidative —> aerobic metabolism for endurance throughout run

Compare the 3 major energy substrates used by the body. How much energy does a gram of each one yield? How are they stored? Which type of exercise are they preferentially used?

carbohydrates — 4.1 cal/g; stored as glycogen in liver and muscles; used for intense and short exercise

fat — 9.4 cal/g; stored as triglycerides throughout body as adipose; used for prolonged, less intense exercise

protein — 4.1 cal/g; stored in muscles or converted to fat; only used during starvation

Compare the 3 metabolic pathways the body uses to generate ATP, including the number of ATP yield, exercise duration, and oxygen or substrate requirement.

ATP-PCr — uses phosphocreatine; 1 ATP/mol of PCr; duration of 3-15 sec; anaerobic

glycolytic — uses glucose or glycogen; 2 or 3 ATP/mol of glucose or glycogen; duration of 2 minutes; anaerobic

oxidative — uses carbs, fat, or protein; 32 or 33 ATP/mol of glucose or glycogen, 100+ ATP per FFA, minimal ATP for protein; aerobic

What is maximal O2 consumption? What is it used for? Based on what you have learned about this variable so far, discuss whether this variable being higher will be better for athletes’ performance.

max O2 consumption — point at which O2 consumption does not increase with further increase of intensity; used to measure aerobic fitness

higher VO2max not necessarily better; performing at higher percentage is more important

Calculation: Based on the RER table, calculate the energy (kcal) needed per day if RER = 0.85. (O2 consumption is 0.3 L/min; VO2 = 0.3 L/min). Explain the percentage from carbohydrates and from fats.

FORMULA: kcal/day = liters of O2 consumed per day x kcal used per liter of O2

energy needed per day = 2099.52 kcal

carbs = 51%

fats = 49%

End-diastolic volume (EDV) is 100 mL, end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 mL, and heart rate (HR) is 60 bpm. Calculate stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF) and cardiac output (Q) (in Liters)

SV = EDV - ESV

• SV = 100-50

• SV = 50 mL

EF = SV / EDV

• EF = 50 / 100

• EF = 0.5 —> 50%

Q = HR x SV

• Q = 60 × 50

• Q = 3000 mL —> 3 L

If blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, calculate the mean arterial pressure.

MAP = 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP

• MAP = 46.6666 + 36.6666

• MAP = 83.33 mmHg

After exercise, the respiratory system responds to acid-base balance. What are the 2 recoveries of respiratory responses to acid-base balance? Which one will facilitate body recovery? Why?

passive recovery — sit quietly; 1-2 hrs

active recovery — continues low-intensity exercise; 30-60 min

• active recovery facilitates pH recovery bc activity increases blood flow in muscle, and it increases lactate diffusion out and oxidation