APUSH Final Chapters 9-12

Andrew Jackson

• President of the U.S.

• Born in the Carolinas

• Captured by British during the revolution

• Worked in shops and farms before studying law

• Elected as delegate to Tennessee constitutional convention

• Appointed judge of Tennessee Supreme Court

• Eventually became planter and merchant 

• Joined Tennessee militia and eventually became major general

Universal white male suffrage

• Voting rules started to expand

• Started to change in Ohio then other states in the West

• Property/reducing property ownership and taxpaying requirements

Daniel Webster

•  Conservative delegate who attended Massachusetts’s constitutional convention

• Opposed democratic changes on grounds that “power naturally and necessarily follows property”

• Against changing representation in government

• Couldn’t prevent reform of rules for representation

• Made the new constitution require every voter a taxpayer and governor the owner of considerable real estate

Martin Van Buren

• From New York

• Led a dissident political faction, the “Bucktails” 

• Political rival of Calhoun

Second party system

• Result of movement started by Jackson’s election

• Two-party system

• Each party was committed as an institution and accepted the other party as legitimate

Whigs

• People who were anti-Jackson

• Favored expanding power of federal government

• Encouraged industrial and commercial development

• Cautious about westward expansion

• Supported establishing banks and other institutions

Democrats

• People who were supporters of Jackson

• They were the oldest political party

“Spoils system”

• A system of rewarding supporters who helped win an election by giving them government jobs

• Jackson dismissed about one-fifth of government officials for many reasons

• He embraced this, appointing his followers as the new holders of positions

John C. Calhoun

• Vice president of Jackson 

• Political rival of Buren

Nullification

• Act of cancelling something

• Constitutional theory developed by Calhoun

• Alternative to secession

• Drew ideas from many different sources

• Gained support of South Carolina because they could do this to the Tariff of 1816

“Tariff of Abominations”

• Tariff of 1816

• Supported by Calhoun, made him controversial

• Believed to be this by South Carolinians

• They believed it was the cause of stagnation in the economy

Compromise Tariff of 1833

• Proposed by Henry Clay

• The “tariff of abomination” would start to lower gradually

• By 1842 it would be the same level as 1816

• Passed the same day as the force bill

Henry Clay

• When newly elected to Senate, wanted to stop conflict with South Carolina

• Proposed a compromise tariff

“Five Civilized Tribes”

• In western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida

• The Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations

• Had settled agricultural societies and successful economies

Removal Act

• Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi legislatures became impatient with the slow removal of Native Americans to lands

• Congress passed this with Jackson’s approval

• Gave money to federal negotiations relocating southern groups  to the West

• Federal officials were sent to negotiate many new treaties

“Indian Territory”

• Most Cherokees came here

• They were forced to make the long journey here

• Later became Oklahoma

Trail of Tears

•  The route the Native Americans traveled to the place they were forced to live

• Jackson said that he removed them to protect them from more injury and oppression

Bank of the United States

• A powerful institution

• Jackson had a war against it

• Headquarter was in Philadelphia

• Only place government could deposit its own funds

Nicholas Biddle

• President of the Bank of the United States

• Worked hard to make it prosperous and strong

Bank War

• Biddle applied for Congress, which passed the recharter bill

• Jackson vetoed it, and Bank supporters couldn’t override the veto

• Put the Election of 1832 on the future of the Bank

• However, this wasn’t enough for Clay to win

“Independent treasury”

• Plan made by Van Buren

• Government would put funds in this in Washington and in subtreasuries in other cities

• The government and the banks would be “divorced”

John Tyler

• From Virginia

• Whig chose him as Vice President candidate in election of 1840

Lord Ashburton

• Sent from Britain because the new government wanted to reduce tensions

• Came to America to negotiate on conflicts like the Canada and Maine border

• Negotiated with Webster

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

• Established a solid boundary along  the Maine-New Brunswick border

• U.S. were given a little over half of the territory that was in conflict

• Protected important trade routes in the U.S. and Canada

• Ashburton apologized for the Caroline and Creole, promising it wouldn’t happen again

Caleb Cushing

• Commissioner sent to China by Congress and Tyler

• Sent to negotiate letting U.S. have some of China’s trade

Treaty of Wang Hya

• Americans would have same rights as Britain when it came to trade with China

“Extraterritoriality”

• Americans accused of crimes in China would be tried by American officials only

• Granted in the Treaty of Wang Hya

Erie Canal

• In New York

• Gave NYC access to the interior

“Nativism”

• Defense of native-born people

• Hostility to foreign-born people

• Combined with desire to stop immigration

• Many used racism and said they were socially unfit

“Know-Nothings”

• Members of the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

• This is because they had a strict code of secrecy

• Their secret password was “I know nothing”

American Party

• Political organization created by the Know-Nothings

• Had huge success in elections of 1854 

• Won control of state government of Massachusetts

• Had large votes in Pennsylvania and New York

• Their strength afterwards declined

De Witt Clinton

• Governor of NY

• Focused on the creation of canals, especially Erie Canal

Telegraph

•  The lines extended along railroad tracks

• Connected one station with another, helped scheduling and routing of the trains

• Allowed instant communication between cities across the nation

• Separated the North from the South, because it's lines were more extensive North

Samuel F.B. Morse

• Transmitted news of James K. Polk’s nomination for presidency using telegram

• Sent from Baltimore to Washington, D.C.

Interchangeable parts

• Started to appear in different industries

• Revolutionized watch/clock making,  steam engines, and farm tools

• Led to creation of bicycles, typewriters, automobiles, etc

Eli Whitney

•  Invented interchangeable parts

• Along with Simeon North, tried to introduce them to gun factories

Elias Howe

• Inventor from Massachusetts

• Created the sewing machine

Isaac Singer

•  Made improvements to the sewing machine created by Howe

• It was then used to manufacture clothing

Lowell System

• System enlisting young unmarried women to work in factories

• Named after factory towns where it emerged

• Considered a “female paradise”

•  The workers lived in clean dormitories and were fed well

• They were heavily supervised, wages were considered good

• The women wrote the Lowell Offering, a monthly magazine

Commonwealth v. Hunt

• Victory of industrial workers in Massachusetts

• Declared unions as lawful organizations

• Also declared strike as a lawful weapon

• Other state courts accepted it as well

John Deere

• From Illinois

• Established a factory that manufactured steel plows

• These were the most durable tools

Cyrus McCormick

• Created the automatic reaper

• Enabled one worker to harvest as much grain in a day as five could before

• Established a factory in Chicago

Antebellum

• Period of time before the Civil War

• North was invested in roads, canals, and railroads

• South didn’t have this system, made the region unconnected

•  Platers shipped crops to marked by water

Preston Brooks

• Congressman from South Carolina

• Beat Charles Sumner when he heard an insult

• Considered savage in North, hero in South

Charles Sumner

• Congressman from Massachusetts

• Attacked by Brooks after saying what was perceived to be an insult to a relative

Task system

• Most common in rice culture

• Enslaved people were assigned a task in the morning

• Once they completed it they were done for the day

Gang system

• More common one

• Used on cotton/sugar/tobacco plantations

• Enslaved people were divided into groups

• A driver directed them and forced them to work

• They had to work for however long the overseer thought was a good workday

International slave trade

• Became illegal in America in 1808

• Led to the declining of the African American and white person proportion

• African Americans were in enforced poverty and lived shorter lives than a white

Nat Turner

• Slave preacher who led armed followers in Virginia

• They went house to house and killed 60 white people, including children

• Over a hundred African Americans were executed

• Created fear among white Southerners, made state laws more rigid

• Believed free African Americans would be more violent than enslaved people

• This rebellion was the largest yet

Abolitionism

• Against slavery, rose in the North

• Persuaded the Southerners to tighten their slave systems

“Manumission”

• The setting free of slaves

• Southerners made it impossible for slaveholders to do this

Emancipation

•  Process of being set free

• Some African Americans were slaveholders who bought relatives to grant this to them

Amistad

• Cuban ship

• Slaves took over the ship and wanted sail back to Africa

• They had no experience with sailing, and was captured by the United States

John Quincy Adams

• Former president of the United States, an abolitionist

• Argued before the Supreme Court that the slaves from Amistad should be freed

• Said that foreign slave trade was illegal, so the slaves couldn’t be returned

Gabriel Prosser

• Gathered a thousand slaves to revolt in Virginia

• Two Africans leaked it to the militia, which stepped in before the uprising

• He was executed

Denmark Vesey

• Free black in Charleston

• Gathered about 9,000 followers to revolt

• It was leaked, and they were suppressed and punished

Underground Railroad

• Organized by white people sympathetic of the slaves

• Enslaved people used this to be able to flee to the North or Canada

Antebellum

• Pre-Civil War era

• The United States focused on American paintings over European art

• Americans were creating new artistic traditions

Hudson River School

• In New York

• First great school of American painters

• Had Frederic Church, Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty, and Asher Durand

• Painted the landscape of the Hudson Valley

Ralph Waldo Emerson

• Looked up to by the Hudson River School

• Considered nature over civilization for spiritual fulfillment and wisdom.

• Leader of a group of transcendentalists

• Devoted himself to write and teach transcendentalism

• Best known for his lectures and essays including “Nature”

Henry David Thoreau

• Looked up to by the Hudson River School

• Considered nature over civilization for spiritual fulfillment and wisdom.

• Leading transcendentalist 

• Said people should work to self-realization by resisting conformation to society

• Lived alone in the woods just because he wanted to “live simply”

James Fenimore Cooper

• First great American novelist

• Wrote over thirty novels

• Popular for describing and emphasizing American wilderness

• Wrote about relationship between nature and man

• Also wrote about the danger and challenge of America expanding westward

Transcendentalists

• New England writers and philosophers

• Borrowed from German philosophers and English writers

• Had a theory of individual based on distinction of “reason” and “understanding”

• Reason - individual’s capacity to grasp beauty and truth through emotions

• Understanding - use of intellect in ways imposed by society

• Believed in the liberation of understanding and growth of reason

Brook Farm

•  Experiment done by George Ripley

• Established an experimental community in Massachusetts

• All residents shared equal labor and leisure

• Focused on bringing positivity to the idea of leisure

• Many residents left, and a fire destroyed it, dissolving the experiment

New Harmony

• Experimental community founded by Robert Owen

• Believed it to be a “Village of Cooperation” in Indiana

• Idea was that every resident lived and worked in equality

• Failed economically, but inspired many other experiments

Mormonism

• Began in New York

• The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

• Tried repeatedly to establish “New Jerusalem”, a community for the saints

• Persecuted by others because of their ways including polygamy and secrecy

• Eventually settled in Illinois

Joseph Smith

• Economically unsuccessful man

• Published the Book of Mormon:

• Written by an ancient prophet and translated from golden tablets, revealed to him by an angel of god

• Told a story of an ancient civilization that was punished + led to American Indians

• Arrested and charged for treason for allegedly aspiring against the government

• An angry mob attacked and killed him there

Brigham Young

• Successor of Smith for the Mormans

• Led them across the desert and established a community in Utah

Second Great Awakening

• Protestant revivalism had begun

• Powerful force of social reform

• New Lights and transcendentalists/unitarians were very different

• They all shared belief that individuals were capable of salvation

Charles Grandison Finney

• Evangelistic Presbyterian minister and influential revival leader

• Believed traditional Calvinist ideas like predestination were destructive

• Said each person contained a capacity  to experience rebirth and salvation

• Revival of faith didn’t depend on God, it depended on individual effort

“Burned-over district”

• Region consisting of towns along the Erie Canal in NY

• Called this because it was common to  have many religious awakenings

• It was going through an economic transformation, changed society

• Made the Second Great Awakening very powerful here

Horace Mann

• First secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, educational reformer

• Believed the only way to protect democracy was to create an educated electorate

• Increased length of academic year and doubled salaries of teacher

• Improved the school curriculum + introduced new ways of training for teachers

Dorothea Dix

• Social reformer

• Started a national movement of new methods for treating the mentally ill

• Imprisonment and legal public hangings disappeared because of this

Seneca Falls Convention

• Occurred in New York

• Organized by Mott, Stanton, and Anthony

• Discussed rights of women

“Declaration of Sentiments”

• Came from the Seneca Falls Convention

• It claimed that men and women should have equal rights

• Document was rejected from society

Elizabeth Blackwell

• From England

• Broke social barriers, became a famous physician

American Colonization Society

• Organized by a group of prominent white Virginians

• Challenged slavery w/o challenging Southern property rights/sensibilities

• Proposed gradual manumission of slaves 

• Slaveholders would receive compensation through funds raised by charity/states

• Would transport former slaves out the country + help them establish a society

• Was partly successful, receiving some funds but not enough to support them

William Lloyd Garrison

• Involved in the antislavery movement

• Assistant of Benjamin Lundy, who published an antislavery newspaper

• Became impatient, however, with his mild proposals, and founded his own

•  Said that slavery opponents should view it from pov of black men instead of white slaveholders

• Attacked the government along with slavery 

• Suggested the nation could purge itself of sin of slavery by expelling slave states

Liberator

• Antislavery weekly newspaper by Garrison

• Slavery opponents should view it from pov of black instead of white society

• Said that immediate abolition should be demanded

• Most of its early subscribers were free Northern African Americans

Sojourner Truth

• Free black woman

• Involved in a religious cult in New York

• Became a popular and intelligent spokeswoman for antislavery

Frederick Douglass

• Considered the greatest African American abolitionist

• Escaped from slavery and became an outspoken antislavery leader in England

• Came back to America and bought his freedom from his Maryland slaveholder

• Demanded social + economic equality along with freedom for African Americans

• Black abolitionists lead by him started to ally with white antislavery leaders

North Star

• Antislavery newspaper founded by Douglass in nY

• Became very popular, made him very influential

Underground Railroad

• Garrisonians and people believing in accomplishing abolition in a gradual way

• They helped runaway slaves find refuge in the North/Canada

• Funded the battle over Amistad

Liberty Party

• Political party

• Formation based on antislavery sentiment

“Free soil”

• The Liberty Party didn’t campaign for outright abolition

• Instead stood for keeping slavery out of the territories

• Some supporting this were concerned for the welfare of African Americans

• Others wanted the West to be only for white Americans

• Attracted huge support, especially white population from the North

Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Stories in her novel became part of American legend

• Disliked in the South, but considered a hero in the North

• Inflamed tensions of slavery to a new level 

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe

• One of the most popular books in American history

• Combined abolition politics and the tradition of sentimental novels by/for women

• Brought the message of abolitionism to a new audience

• Brought to theater companies across the nation

• Described good and kind slaves being victimized of the cruel system of slavery