Intro to Psych Exam 3

Conformity

Adjusting one’s behavior(s) or beliefs to fit group norms.

Tendency to shift one’s attitudes/beliefs in the direction of the majority.

Obedience

a type of social influence where a person follows an order from another person who is usually an authority figure

Compliance

changing one's behavior at the request or direction of another person

Asch Line Study

visual task asking participants to match up lines of equal length 5-8 confederates (plants) and 1 participant involved in this study 18 trials where confederates give wrong answer 12 times on easy task 

-approximately 37% of participants conforms (gives wrong answer) answering alone on this task participant answers correct 99% of time

-have a standard line and are asked which it is the same compared to lines labeled A, B, C

Normative Social influence

conformity to group norms based on fear of appearing social deviant or from fear of disapproval (endorsing wrong group answers on easy tasks)

Informational Social Influence

conformity to group norms based upon lack of information or uncertainty of correct response (2 heads better than 1) 

public conformity

beliefs are not actually changed you just pretend they are

sometimes called compliance

asch study

private conformity

beliefs are actually changed

true acceptance or persuasion

sherif study

foot in the door

 2 step compliance strategy designed to ask for a small request at step 1 and gain compliance, and then ask for a later larger request at step 2

(you really want them to accept your step 2 request)

Ex: he wants me to buy 4 boxes for $20 of girl scout cookies. He asks me to buy 1 box for $5 which I buy and then he asks if I will buy 4 for $20. He really wants me to buy 4 for $20

door in the face

2 step compliance strategy designed to ask for a large request at step 1 and expect rejection, then ask for a smaller request at step 2

(you really want them to accept your step 2 request)

Ex: will you buy 8 for $40? No. well what about 4 for $20? Ok fine.

that’s not all

GETS THE MOST SALES

-2 step compliance strategy designed to ask for an inflated request a step 1 and before receiving response, you throw in a bonus/ gift/ discount at step 2

(you really want them to accept your step 2 request)

Ex: you can get 3 boxes of girl scout cookies for $20. Oh wait, we are closing?! I will give you an extra box for free. I can give you 4 boxes for $20.

cognitive dissonance

Attitude change theory claiming that people enter into a state of cognitive dissonance or tension when 1) holding contradictory attitudes/ beliefs or 2) holding attitudes incongruence (not matching) with their behaviors. This tension experiences moves them to change attitudes so they align or change attitudes or behaviors so they match.  (examples needed for your paper)

-attitude change and personality change strategy, you can you change religious views, political views you can change with this

Ex: you say that you are an environmentalist but you don't recycle or have a 0 carbon emissions car, you don't believe in carpooling, the person then gets motivates to change one of those to make them lineup

-you just said the opposite so which one is it/ you make them feel like a hypocrite

Ex: williams said that you will get an A or B if you read the textbook and take notes, the student says that they are not coming to class and they don't want to buy the textbook and read it, then you either take the C or you do those two things to get an A or B

Milgrams Shock Study

Stanley Milgram set up this experiment to see how far people would go to follow orders from an author figure even if it harmed people

the “teacher” (participant) was to administer a certain voltage of shocks to a “learner” in another room every time the learner got a question wrong (the learner never received nay shocks ever, milligram just wanted to see how far the teacher would go)

with every wrong question the voltage would increase from slight shock all the way up to severe shock

despite the learners cries and pleas 65% of teachers would have administered a lethal shock of 450 volts

Zimbardo’s Prison Study

Study performed at Stanford University that demonstrates how susceptible people are to social roles (how social roles shape our behaviors). Students participate in a study where some are assigned to be prisoners and some prison guards.

-you will verbally or physically assault people if you are placed in a role to do so

-24 total people participated at this experiment, 12 are assigned prison guards (glasses, uniform, and bat club) and 12 are prisoners 

-the outfits give you license to be a different person/ more aggressive

-if you do not follow orders then you get solitary confinement, no food or water, or beat

-they blindfold you, put you in a cop car and take you to a place, they strip you to put on your outfit, fingerprint you, then put you in a cell

-they claimed that their was no distress but the prisoners were beat, and when they saw the videos of the experiment back they were all crying and did not know why they did that

-if you are a kind person you will become evil and hurt people

-the uniform makes you a different person

Social Roles

the expected behaviors, responsibilities, and social positions associated with a particular status or position in society, shaped by cultural norms and values

zimbardo prison experiment

Situational attribution

(external)

Describing others behaviors as due to situational factors, outside forces, social influence. 

Ex: not one's fault, was driven to act by social forces

Dispositional attribution

(personal or internal)

Describing others behaviors as due to personal, genetic, or internal motivations 

Ex: Jeffery Dahmer: serial killer, cooked and ate them, targeted young gay males hispanic or black, wanted a piece of them inside of him

Ex: Michael Vick: great football player that fought dogs almost until they died and he was suspended and went to jail for 2 years. He said that this is what he grew up doing and did not know it was wrong

Ex: Deer Hunters: kills deer for fun, that is gruesome if not from that tradition, give 5th grader a gun and tell them to kill it, did not go to jail

Fundamental attribution error

(blaming the victim/ damsel in distress)

Overemphasizing dispositional (personal factors) and underemphasizing (situational factors) when describing others behaviors or outcomes.

Ex: a woman goes to her car late at night and gets assaulted. People say that you were wearing provocative clothes, you shouldn't be out late at night, blaming the victim, she brought this on herself

Ex: professor is moving towards you fast, looking frantically, Is he trying to hurt you or is he trying to find something? You have to judge and prejudge

Stereotypes

Tendency to automatically associate traits/ behaviors with members of social groups and these exaggerated beliefs confirmed approximately 30% of the time

prejudice

-negative feelings/ attitudes toward someone based upon their group membership (ex. race/ ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation)

-us vs them

-you are more forgiving to your group

discrimination

-systematic unequal treatment of someone based upon their group membership (ex. 1960’s = sit back bus/ movies, can't eat in restaurants)

-acting on the prejudice

racism

Prejudice + Discrimination towards others due to race

sexism

Prejudice + Discrimination towards others due to gender

social categorization

Prejudice + Discrimination towards others due to social status

in-group/ out-group bias

Group you belong to (us) and group that you are not a part of (them)

(Ex. eye color film)

(ex. Health Care -no white women are allowed to help negro men)

attraction

Degree of liking people have for one another based upon physical traits, personality traits, and similarities (values, beliefs, interests)

Proximity/ Mere Exposure effect

Tendency to become attracted to those we live and work near. (ex. co-workers/college students marry at higher than chance %)

More time you spend with someone = the more attractive they become.

(ex. Mere Exposure Effect also called “bar/club” effect: your standards are very high when you enter a bar and then your standards lower the more alcohol you drink and the longer you are with them.)

Matching hypothesis

Tendency to be more attracted to those perceived as similar to us in attractiveness. (1’s like 1’s, 7’s like 7’s but 1’s don't like 7’s)

-the social pressure is so great that the people do not want to be together anymore

-it is too much pressure so if you don't handle it then don't do it

Physical Attractiveness

-men are more focused on physical attractiveness than women

-their number of attractiveness based on external physical attributes

ex: body shape, facial features

Empathy altruism hypothesis

-2 steps

-personal distress/ feeling alarmed/ troubled by seeing someone in a pinch and then you feel empathy and a sense of compassion for the person and that empathy drives you to provide helping behavior regardless of cost or risk consideration

-you see someone in distress then feel empathy for them then you help them regardless of cost or risk

bystander intervention

-the presence of other decreases the likelihood of someone receiving help

-the more people around then the less likely a person will receive help

social exchange theory

-people run a cost / benefit analysis before providing help

-think of all the costs, danger, loss of time, the embarrassment of not providing sufficient help and then think of the reward, personal gain, personal gratification, boost in self-esteem

-takes time to do this and these cognitions are anti-altruism

-cost outweigh benefits = they will not help

-benefit outweigh cost = they will help

diffusion of responsibility

-the more people there are around the less likely you are to help because you think that someone else is closer/ more capable and will assist

Kitty Genovese

-in Queens, NY in March 1964

-she was stabbed by a hunting knife and there were 38-40 confirmed witnesses

-kitty was walking into her apartment complex where she was robbed and stabbed

-the lights flickered on and off and kitty screams for help

-15-20 people yelled leave her alone and get out of there

-the killer leaves

-no one comes down

-the killer comes back and continues to stab her and rob her

-more lights flicker on and off

-25-35 people yelled at the killer to stop and leave her alone but no one came down to help again

-the killer leave and then comes back again

-finishes robbing her and kills her

-people just screamed and left but no one actually came out to help

social facilitation

-The presence of others increases performance in easy tasks

-The presence of others decreases performance in difficult tasks

social loafing

-reducing one's personal efforts while in a group

-people in a group use less effort than they would than when they are alone

Ex: group papers

-each student will give lower effort and only use the amount of effort that they need to

-if you see someone giving a little effort then why are you going to give three times the amount of work as them for the same grade

-if there are 4 group members then each group member should be given equal parts of work to do and they each have individual accountability

deindividuation

-a temporary loss of self awareness or self restraint when someone is anonymous often leading to a behavior inconsistent to their normal values

Ex: police offices because they put on a uniform and become that person

Ex: 1976 halloween study → had mirror → take 1-2 pieces of candy

-people with masks took more candy/ people without masks took 1-2

Ex: post eagles winning the super bowl and rioting

-Why do we do things in groups that we wouldn't do on our own?

-If you could be invisible for 24 hours what would you do?

-rob a bank or stalk people

-usually people do something devious and do not do good deeds

group polarization

-The tendency for group members to lose perspective when engaged in discussions leading to polarization or one-sided views

Ex: extreme liberals clubs → holding discussions with people in your groups → you then have to present a more extreme position than what was previously presented → people lose perspective in group discussions

groupthink

-faulty decision making resulting when groups rush to decisions or make decision hastily in order to maintain group harmony or consensus

Ex: Pearl Harbor → if US airspace was invaded then we should attack → US airspace was not invaded so there was no attack needed → but the US was attacked

Sir Francis Galton

Negatives

-key historical figure in psych that believes in selective breeding

-only those extremely gifted cognitively should be the only ones having children

-low IQ folks will pass down their IQ and dumb down the culture

-stupid people having 2-4 babies and the smart people having 1 baby

-give cash incentives for high IQ folks to have kids with high IQ folks

-their children would receive free schooling for their lives

-give cash to dumb people to get sterilized to not have kids

Positive

-Created correlational research method, mz/ dz twin studies, behavioral genetics research, nature vs nurture study using correlational research

Alfred Binet

-book: IQ a Smart History of a Failed Idea

-a teacher who can get everyone to master the information by knowing where being are mentally

-K-3 only, do not label, do not take it outside of children, and do not talk about genetics

-created a placement test to see where you are strong and weak in certain areas (a special ed diagnostic test)

Lewis Terman

-created Stanford Binet IQ test

-2nd most popular IQ test

-30 points above average is gifted and talented program

-30 points below average is a disability

-Based on this test certain groups of europeans are inferior to others (not what Binet wanted)

-Iq = Mental age/ chronological age x100

Charles Spearman

Two Factor Theory

1st factor = g

• general intelligence

  • problem solving

2nd factor = s

• specific mental abilities

  • verbal or meth skills

Howard Gardener

Multiple intelligences include

-musical ability

-linguistics

-logical / math

-spatial

-athletic 

-memory

Excellence in one does not = excellence in others

Robert Sternberg

Triangular Theory of Love

1) Intimacy (Liking)

2) Passion (Infatuation)

3) Commitment (Empty Love)

Intimacy + Passion = Romantic Love

Intimacy + Commitment =Companionate Love

Passion + Commitment = Fatuous Love

mental age

your age based off of your abilities to perform well or not on certain tasks

chronoligcial age

the numerical age your are determined by your birthday

IQ

Intelligence quotient

IQ = Mental age/ chronological age x100

emotional intelligence (EQ)

emotional quotient

the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways

Eugenics Movement

-want a plan of selective breeding

-the culture is being dumbed down for stupid people having 2-4 babies and the smart people having 1 baby

-the educational, political, and health getting taking over my dumb people

Henry Goddard

-the most serious misuser of the IQ test

-Feeble-Minded Girls and Boys in Vineland, New Jersey

-held hostage and starved

-he could tell intelligence based off of facial features

-categories:

1) idiot: a 5 year old with mental age of 2

2) imbecile: a 12 year old with a mental age 3-7

3) moron: an adult with mental age of 8-12

-italians, polish, and russians scored lower because they didn't understand american ideas and did not speak english

Robert Yerkes

-Army Testing (1921)

-gave out IQ test for army soldier in ww1

-if your IQ was low you were in the front line of battle because it would kill them

-it was a way to kill 2 birds with 1 stone

-killed the italians and polish first

-in order to gain citizenship you would serve in the war but that is if you come back

Immigration Restriction Act

-had a quota of the amount of italians/ polish people that were allowed into the country

-the ret of them could not be let into the US

-they scored lower on the IQ tests because they didn't speak english and did not know US customs

test-retest IQ

respondents “learn” to answer the same questions in the first test and this affects their responses in the next test

IQ scores tend to be higher in the next test

Parallel form IQ

differing versions of tests or assessments that contain the same information, only in different order

predictive validity

the ability of a test or other measurement to predict a future outcome

concurrent validity

shows you the extent of agreement between two different measures or assessments taken at the same time

content validity

Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure?

-must cover all relevant aspects of that concept

construct validity

Does the test measure the concept that it's intended to measure?

-must measure the one specific concept

culture/ gender bias in testing

the tendency of tests to perpetuate certain beliefs about cultures, racial stereotypes, and gender biases that are not inclusive to all learners

ex: what is a slice? a type of hit in golf

• only men would really know the answer to his so this is a gender biased question

stereotype threat

a phenomenon where individuals fear confirming negative stereotypes about their social group, leading to anxiety and potentially impacting their performance, especially in academic or professional settings

IQ score mean

the average score for the entire population

100

IQ score standard deviation

15 points

If you have an IQ score of 115 you have an IQ score 1 standard deviation above the mean

IQ score placement

145+

131-145

114-130

85-115 Average

70-84

69-55

54 and below

IQ score mental retardation

Mild: 50-70

Moderate: 35-50

Severe: 20-35

Profound: 20 and below

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale

an IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents

Picture Competition

Object Assembly

Block Design

Information

Digit Span

Similarities

Math

Vocabulary

Comprehension