Physiology Exam 1 Vocab/Numbers

Blood amount of body weight

7%

plasma amount of body weight

4%

RBC amount of body weight

3%

Serum osmolality

275-295 mOsm/Kg

Salinity

0.9% NaCl

salinity concentration

9g or 154 mmol of NaCl per liter of solution

pH of blood

7.35-7.45

plasma percentage of whole blood

55%

buffy coat percentage of blood

less than 1%

hematocrit percentage of blood

45%

fibringoen

clotting factor in plasma

albumin

serum protein

colloid osmotic pressure

transports hydrophobic substances such as bilirubin

Globulin

serum proteins

4 groups- alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma

SPEP

serum protein electrophoresis

two categories of WBC

granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes

neutrophil, eosinophils, and basophils

agrandulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

hemoglobin concentration in males

13-17 g/dL

hemoglobin concentration in females

12-15 g/dL

hematocrit percentage in males

40-52%

hematocrit percentage in females

36-47%

MCV

mean corpuscular volume

80-100 fL (femtoliter)

RDW

red blood cell distribution width

measures variation in cell size

reticulocyte percentage

0.5%-1.5%

platelet concentration

150-400 × 10³ / microliter

eta (n)

viscosity of blood

SVR

systemic vascular resistance

increases in polycythemia

decreases in anemia

hematopoiesis

process of blood cell production

hematopoietic stem cells

all formed elements are derived from them

common myeloid cells

come from hematopoietic stem cells

thrombocytes, erythrocytes, mast cells, basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, and monocyte

common lymphoid progenitor

come from hematopoietic stem cells

natural killer cells and lymphocytes

EPO

erythropoietin

hormone produced by the kidney in response to lowered tissue oxygenation

stimulates erythrocyte production

central pallor size in RBC

1/3-1/2 of its diameter

actin and spectrin in RBCs

compose the cytoskeleton to give the cell stability and flexibility

hereditary spherocytosis

a defect in spectrin that creates a spheroid cell

lack central pallor

greater MCV

carbonic anhydrase

enzyme in RBCs which has important role in transport of CO2 and buffering of H+

G6PD

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

an enzyme needed to maintain glutathione

glutathione

scavenges for reactive oxygen species

without hemoglobin denatures and lysis occurs

G6PD deficiency is what kind of disorder

X-linked recessive genetic disorder that causes hemolysis under oxidative stress, durgs, infection, fava beans

usually self limited

found in African, Asian, and Mediterranean descent

Heinz body

low G6PD leads to low glutathione resulting in denatured hemoglobin creating a bulge in cells

bite cells

when the spleen removes the Heinz body and creates these bites

life span of RBC

100-120 days

average replacement of RBCs daily

1%

polychromatophilic

slightly bluish

reticulocytes

retic count

precentage of all RBCs that are reticulocytes and is an indicator of erythropoietic activity

corrected reticulocyte count

corrects fo an increase in retic count resulting from a decrease in the number of mature RBCs rather than from an in increase of retic’s

heme

where O2 is held

where iron is held

4 heme molecules

ferrous

Fe2+

iron that can bind to O2

ferric

Fe3+

cannot not bind to O2

methemoglobinemia

ferric (3+) iron in heme

oxidizing agents can cause this

lead

inhibits synthesis of heme

myoglobin

oxygen transport in muscle

cytochrome c

contains heme

electron transport chain in ATP synthesis in mitochondria

cytochrome p450

drug detoxification in the liver

porphyria

inherited or acquired defects of enzymes of heme synthesis mainly causing skin or nervous system symptoms due to accumulation of intermediates int eh hem synthesis pathway

globin in hemoglobin

4 subunits

transports carbon dioxide and buffers H+

2 pairs of slightly different types of globin chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta

HbA

main type of hemoglobin in adults

95-98% of hemoglobin

2 alphas and 2 betas

HbF

predominant in the fetus

more avidly binds to O2 than HbA so O2 is drawn across the placenta

two alphas and two gammas

oxyhemoglobin

O2 binds to hemoglobin in the lungs

how much oxygen can Hb carry

1.34 mL of O2/ g Hb

O2 carrying capacity of blood

20 mL O2/ dL

average Hb concentration

15 g Hb/dL

carboxyhemoglobin

results from the binding of CO to Hb

CO binds 200x more avidly than O2 and decreases tissue release of any O2 that is bound causing tissue hypoxia

blood is a bright cherry red color

carbaminohemoglobin

binding of CO2 to Hb in the tissues where O2 is released and helps in transfer of CO2 to lungs

Binds to the globin chain not iron

anemia

a decrease in red cell mass due to a decreased number of RBCs or a decreased amount of Hb in the RBCs

B12 and folic acid

required for the production of nitrogenous bases for the DNA needed for cell division

cells are large but fewer in number resulting in macrocytic anemia

pernicious anemia

a deficiency in B12 also can cause insidious development of irreversible neurologic defects

microcytic

small RBC due to decreased hemoglobin due to decreased iron

macrocytic

large RBC due to decrease in folate/B12

ferritin

water soluble iron storage protein that makes iron rapidly available for heme synthesis

hemosiderin

a fat soluble storage form of iron from which iron is not as readily mobilized

how much iron is loss in woman on a daily average

2 mg/day

how much iron is lost in men on a daily average

1 mg/day

hepcidin

increases when iron levels are high

inhibits iron absorption and release into the blood

transferrin

increases when iron levels are low to promote iron absorption and release into the blood

necessary for iron uptake from teh GI tract

produced by the liver in response to low iron stores

TIBC

total iron binding capacity

the total amount of iron that can be bound by serum transferring

transferrin saturation

the percentage of iron binding sites that are occupied by iron molecules

hemochromatosis

HC or iron overload

occurs from excess intake or excess absorption

hereditary hemochromatosis

autosomal recessive disorder

characterized by unregulated absorption of iron

hepcidin is decreased

leads to liver disease, cardiomyopathy, DM, hypogonadism, and hyperpigmentation

AOCD

anemia of chronic disease

inflammation increases hepcidin and serum ferritin so there is a decrease in serum iron and transferrin/TIBC is low

microcytic or normocytic anemia with low retic count

thalassemia

result from a gene defect limiting production of alpha or beta subunits

sickle cell anemia

autosomal recessive disorder that results from a single amino acid substitution - HbS

homozygotes have this disorder (SS)

heterozygotes are carriers

when O2 tension is low the cells sickle and are unable to pass through capillaries causing tissue hypoxia

HbC

hemoglobin C

involves a single amino acid substitution in the same place on the beta chain as HbS

homozygotes have a mild disorder

heterozygotes are asymptomatic carriers

SC disease

those who have HbC allele and HbS allele have a milder form of sickle cell disease

hypoxia

not enough oxygen reaching tissues

polycythemia

increase in red cell mass

increases blood viscosity

polycythemia vera

myeloproliferative disorder in which bone marrow function is not regulated by usual feedback mechanisms

EPO is suppressed but bone marrow continues making RBCs

secondary polycythemia

due to an increase in EPO

may be an appropriate response to diminished oxygen delivery to tissues or due to EPO secreting tumor or administration of synthetic EPO

biliverdin

when heme is stripped from iron it first becomes this

bilirubin

after heme is stripped from iron and becomes biliverdin it becomes this

each cc of hematocrit contains how much iron

1 mg of iron

hyperbilirubinemia

too much bilirubin in the blood

unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

accelerated production of bilirubin creates excess unconjugated bilirubin being carried by albumin in the blood

conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

diminished excretion of bilirubin after the liver conjugated it

unconjugated bilirubin

is hydrophobic and carried by albumin from the site of RBC breakdown

conjugated bilirubin

the liver conjugates it to make it water soluble to facilitate excretion in the stool

jaundice

may be the result of hyperbilirubinemia