Education 2

Survival Stage:

Beginning teachers focus on classroom management, lesson planning, organization, and

developing confidence in daily teaching responsibilities

Renewal Stage:

Experienced teachers continually reflect on their teaching, seek new instructional strategies,

incorporate research-based practices, and pursue ongoing professional growth.

Professional development

ongoing process that improves instructional effectiveness throughout a teacher's
career.

IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)

guarantees students with disabilities a Free Appropriate Public
Education (FAPE).

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

outlines goals, accommodations, services,
and progress monitoring

Students qualify for IDEA services when they

have a disability that adversely affects educational performance and
requires specialized instruction

The Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

requires students to be educated with their nondisabled peers whenever
appropriate

UDL (Universal Design for Learning)

is a framework that proactively designs instruction to meet the needs of all learners.

3 parts of UDL

Multiple Means of Representation:

• Multiple Means of Action and Expression:

• Multiple Means of Engagement:

Multiple Means of Representation:

Present information in multiple ways (text, visuals, audio, demonstrations)

Multiple Means of Action and Expression:

Allow students different ways to demonstrate learning (projects,
presentations, writing, multimedia).

Multiple Means of Engagement:

Increase motivation through student choice, relevance, and appropriate challenge.

UDL benefits

students with disabilities, multilingual learners, gifted students, and general education students.

Section 504

Prohibits disability discrimination in federally funded programs.

• Provides accommodations for students with disabilities who may not qualify for IDEA.

FERPA

• Protects the privacy of student educational records.

• Gives parents and eligible students the right to inspect educational records and control disclosure.

Title IX

• Prohibits sex-based discrimination in educational programs receiving federal funding.

• Applies to athletics, academics, admissions, and all educational opportunities.

Federal Government

• Provides funding and broad educational policy guidance.

• Enforces civil rights laws and educational accountability.

• The U.S. Department of Education does not directly operate local schools.

State Government

• State Boards of Education establish educational standards and statewide policies.

• State Departments of Education implement policies, monitor compliance, and support school districts

Local School Boards

• Adopt district policies.

• Approve budgets.

• Hire and evaluate the superintendent.

• Represent community interests.

School Leadership

• Superintendents oversee district operations and implement board policies.

• School administrators align resources with instructional goals while ensuring legal compliance.

Shared Decision-Making

• Effective schools involve teachers, administrators, parents, students, and community members in school

improvement efforts.

primary source of funding for most school districts.

Local property taxes

State funding

helps equalize educational opportunities across districts.

Federal funding primarily supports programs such as

Title I and IDEA

Title I

it gives extra money to school districts and schools with high numbers of children from low-income families

Teacher salaries are influenced by

local tax revenue, state funding formulas, and district budgets

Wealth disparities among communities often result in

unequal educational funding and resources.

San Antonio ISD v. Rodriguez (1973): T

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that wealth-based funding disparities did not violate the U.S. Constitution.

Serrano v. Priest (California):

Ruled that large funding disparities based on local property wealth violated equal
protection under California's Constitution.

Charter Schools

• Public schools operating under performance contracts (charters).
• Greater flexibility with increased accountability for student outcomes.

Magnet Schools

• Specialized schools designed around themes such as STEM, performing arts, or international studies.
• Promote school choice and diversity.

Open Enrollment

• Allows students to attend public schools outside their assigned attendance zones

School Vouchers

• Public funds provided to families to help pay tuition at participating private schools.
• Intended to increase educational choice.

Full-Service Community Schools

• Integrate academics with health care, counseling, family support, and community partnerships.
• Address both academic and non-academic barriers to learning

Accountability Systems

• Schools are evaluated using student achievement, graduation rates, college and career readiness indicators, and
school report cards.
• Standards-based education aligns assessments with clearly defined learning standards.

Student Free Speech

• Students have First Amendment rights, but schools may limit speech that substantially disrupts learning or violates
school policies.

Due Process

• Before long-term suspension or expulsion, students must receive:
o Notice of charges
o Opportunity to respond
o Fair hearing
o Impartial decision-maker

Student Searches

• School officials may search students when there is reasonable suspicion that school rules or laws have been
violated.
• Searches must be reasonable in scope

Mandatory Reporting

• Teachers are mandated reporters of suspected child abuse or neglect.
• Teachers report concerns to designated authorities—they do not investigate allegations.

Effective Teaching

• Effective teachers build caring relationships with students and understand individual strengths and needs.
• Teachers maintain high expectations for all learners.
• Enthusiasm and positive relationships increase student motivation and engagement.
• Safe classrooms establish clear expectations, consistency, and mutual respect.
• Effective teachers help students become self-regulated learners through goal setting, reflection, and self-
assessment.

Differentiation

• Differentiation adjusts instruction based on students' readiness, interests, and learning needs.
• Strategies include:
o Flexible grouping
o Tiered assignments
o Student choice
o Multiple pathways for demonstrating learning
• Gifted students benefit from enrichment, acceleration, and advanced learning opportunities rather than simply
completing more work.

Professional Learning Communities (PLCs)

• PLCs are collaborative teams focused on improving student learning through data analysis and reflection.
• Teachers work together to improve instruction, share best practices, and monitor student progress.
• A common barrier to successful PLC implementation is insufficient time for collaboration

School Climate

• Positive school climates promote safety, belonging, respect, and inclusion.
• Effective schools implement comprehensive anti-bullying programs.
• Collaboration among educators and strong family partnerships contribute to positive school culture.