Intro to Cell/Molec Bio

Lysosomes, Tach Sachs

Dysfunctional __ (organelle) leads to buildup of waste and cellular damage which could lead to __ (disease)

Acid hydrolase, acidic

__ __ (enzyme) operates at an __ pH normally but lysosomal waste prevents function of this enzyme in Tay Sach’s

Degradation, oxidation

Lysosomes relate to intracellular __ of cell components. Peroxisomes relate to __ and detoxifying molecules (ROS).

All, viruses

__ cells have selectively permeable membranes, except for __ (acellular)

Organic, carbon

Biomolecules are __ molecules and contain __

• forms 4 bonds in tetrahedral arrangement

Amino acids

Monomers of proteins

NH3 (+)

Amino group of amino acid

COO-

Carboxylic acid of amino acid

Alpha carbon

.. of amino acid contain hydrogen and R group (different to each amino acid)

Amino, carboxyl

__ group is slightly positively charged and __ group is slightly negatively charged

Charge, polarity

The R group determines a (1) net __ or (2) __ of amino acid

Peptide

Covalent joining of amino acids to polymer via amide bond

Translation

Peptide formations typically happens during __ in the ribosome

Post-translational

In addition to 20 standard AA in proteins, some proteins contain modified amino acids, known as __ __ amino acids

Primary Structure of Protein

Raw sequence of amino acids

Secondary Structure of Protein

Alpha helices, beta strands

Tertiary Structure of Protein

Folded helices and strands into domains

Quaternary Structure of Protein

Functional assemblies of chains in subunits

Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces

Non-covalent interactions involved in protein shape/stability

Lipids

Biomolecules insoluble in water

Fatty Acids

Monomers for fats/lipids

Essential Fatty Acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids that come from diet

Monosaccharides

Monomers of carbs that are single sugars

• major energy source

Polysaccharides

Polymers of monosaccharides that are multiple sugars

• stored metabolic energy/structure

Glycosidic, phosphodiester

Carbohydrates are joined by __ bonds

whereas nucleic acids are joined by __ bonds

Folded, genome, ribosomes

The endosymbiotic theory explains how mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in structure (folded __, own __ (component), own __ (organelle) and evolutionarily hint common ancestry between eukarya and bacteria.

Nucleotides

Monomers of nucleic acids

DNA, deoxyribose

Nucleotide of __ contains __ (sugar), phosphate, nitrogenous base (A/T/C/G)

RNA, ribose

__ nucleotide contains __ (sugar), phosphate, nitrogenous base (A/U/C/G)

Antiparallel, template

The __ nature of DNA strands being 5’ 3 and 3’ 5 serve as a __ in replication of a new DNA code

2-weaker, 3-stronger

Adenine - Thymine bond by _ H-bonds (stronger or weaker?)

Cytosine - Guanine bond by _ H-bonds (stronger of weaker?)

replication, DNA, RNA, protein

Central Dogma of Biology

__→ __ → transcription → __ → translation → __