Native American Societies and European Exploration (1491-1607)

Permanent settlements

Established communities with stable food sources.

Chumash people

Villages supported 1,000 people, engaged in trade.

Chinook people

Built extensive plank houses from timber.

Iroquois people

Farmers living in longhouses, participated in trade.

Cahokia

Urban center with 10,000-30,000 inhabitants. Centralized government led by powerful chieftans

Political unification

Process of forming centralized, stronger states.

Trading Post Empire

Portugal's network of trading posts in Africa.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

Major trade routes connecting Asia, Africa, Europe.

Diverse societies

Native Americans adapted to various environments.

Fishing villages

Coastal settlements focused on fishing economy.

Nomadic lifestyle

Hunter-gatherers moving frequently for resources.

Great Basin

Region with diverse Native American cultures.

Pueblo people

Farmers using advanced irrigation systems.

Cliff dwellings

Structures built into cliffs by Pueblo cultures.

Maritime

Relating to the sea and ocean trade.

Astrolabe

Navigational tool for determining latitude at sea.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods and diseases between continents.

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system exploiting Native Americans.

Joint-Stock Company

Investment model sharing risk among multiple investors.

Casta System

Social hierarchy based on racial ancestry in colonies.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born individuals living in the Americas.

Mestizos

People of mixed Spanish and Native American descent.

Bartolome de las Casas

Advocate for Native American rights against exploitation.

Juan Guiness de Sepulveda

Argued Natives were inferior and needed control.