8.2: Cellular respiration

IB biology HL

OIL RIG

Oxidation is Loss, Reduction is Gain

ELMO

electron loss means oxidation

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Immediate power

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Stored Energy

How is ATP made?

ATP is made through cellular respiration processes, primarily during glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, where energy from nutrients is converted into usable energy.

Anaerobic

No oxygen, energy through fermentation (small), complete, irreversible, LR, Kre, ETC

Aerobic

Requires oxygen, energy through cellular respiration (large)

Redox

refers to reduction-oxidation reactions, where electrons are transferred between molecules, playing a crucial role in cellular respiration.

reduction

a chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule.

oxidation

a chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule.

glycolysis

the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process.

phosphorylation

destabalizes → prevents diffusion

Lysis

hexone biphosphate split in 2 (6C sugars)→two riose phosphates (3C sugars)

Oxidation

Oxidation → reduces NAD+ → 2 molecules of NADH+ produced

ADP formation

some energy released from sugar → synthesizes ATP → called substrate level phosphorylation → 4 molecules of ATP created

Glycolysis summary

6C → 3C, 2 H carriers reduced, net total 2 ATP produced

Link Reaction (LR)

transporting into mitochondria, uses available oxygen to create more ARP

LR 1:

sugar transparted to the mitochondria matrix by carrier proteins

LR 2:

decarboxylation (lose carbon), forms CO2 molecules

LR 3:

2X forms an acetyl groups, oxidation

LR 4:

acetyl compound combines with coenzyme A

Krebs Cycle (Kre)

occurs within the matrix, Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA)

Kre 1

2 carbon atoms release via decarboxylation to form CO2

Kre 2

multiple oxidation in reduction of hydrogen carries

Kre 3

1 molecule of ATP is created, 2 molecules of acetyl CoA produced occurs twice

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

inner mitochondrial membrane, arranged into folds (cristae), increases surface area

ETC 1

generate electro magnetic gradient, H carriers are oxidised & release high energy electrons, electrons transported by transport chain, lose electrons, positive H ions create gradient

ETC 2

ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis, PMF causes H+ ions to move back, diffusion is chemiosmosis, does this cuz ATP synthase, makes molecular rotation

ETC 3

removing de-energized electrons, oxygen binds w/ free protons creating water, ATP production haulted

Decarboxylation

carbon removed, combustion

phosphorylation

energy released, makes ATP

outer membrane: Mito

transport proteins

inner membrane: Mito

electron transport and ATP synthase

cristae : Mito

increases SA

intermembrane space : Mito

maxs H gradient

Matrix : Mito

contains enzymes & pH for Krebs

electron Tomography

taking photos of cells in multiple angles