Simplifying the Golmerulus Filtration Process edited part 2 (1)

What is the cardiac output ?

Cardiac output is the amount of blood expelled from the left ventricle during a heartbeat .

What is the pathway of blood from the renal artery to the glomerulus?

Blood travels from the renal artery to the interlobar artery, then to the arcuate artery, followed by the interlobular artery, and lastly to the afferent arteriole.

What are capillaries?

Capillaries are very thin-walled blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen and nutrients occurs with surrounding tissues.

What happens to blood after it passes through the glomerulus?

After passing through the glomerulus, blood enters the efferent arteriole, then goes on to form the peritubular capillaries.

What is the role of Bowman’s capsule?

Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate, or early urine, that is formed during the filtration process.

What is hydrostatic pressure, and how does it affect filtration?

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure created by the larger afferent arteriole compared to the smaller efferent arteriole, which helps to push filtrate out of the capillaries into Bowman's space.

What are the layers of the glomerular membrane?

The glomerular membrane consists of three layers: the endothelium, the basement membrane, and the epithelial layer (podocytes).

What is the significance of the negative charge of the basement membrane?

The negative charge of the basement membrane repels negatively charged proteins and large molecules, preventing them from being filtered into the urine.

How does the kidney achieve reabsorption of substances?

The kidney reabsorbs substances through peritubular capillaries, which allow essential nutrients like glucose and amino acids to return to the bloodstream.

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

ADH regulates water retention in the body; high levels lead to concentrated urine, while low levels produce dilute urine.

What happens in the loop of Henle?

In the descending loop of Henle, water is reabsorbed, concentrating the filtrate, while the ascending loop is not permeable to water, resulting in diluted urine.

What complications can arise in diabetics regarding kidney function?

Diabetics can experience thickening of the basement membrane in the kidneys, affecting filtration and leading to elevated levels of urea and creatinine in the blood.

How does urine move from the bladder to the outside of the body?

Urine is expelled from the bladder through the urethra after the internal and external urethral sphincters open.

What anatomical features protect the kidneys?

The kidneys are protected by the renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia, which provide physical support and cushioning.

What is the size of the human kidney?

The kidney is approximately the size of a human fist and is typically lower on the right side due to the presence of the liver.

Urethritis

Inflammation of the urethra

Calicectasis

Dilation of the calyx of the kidney

Nephrosis

Any change in the condition of the kidney without the occurrence of inflammation

enuresis

Involuntary discharge of urine

Cystectomy

Excision of the cyst

Urogenital

Pertaining to the urinary and reproductive organs

Urinoma

Cyst containing urine

Glomeruli

Plural of glomerulus

Glomerulus

Cluster of capillaries

Renal insufficiency

Reduced capacity of kidney to perform its functions

Pyelonephritis

Bacteria-caused infection of the kidney and it’s pelvis

Hematuria

Blood in the urine

Vesicouterine

Pertaining to the urinary bladder and uterus

Endocystitis

Inflammation of the membrane lining of the urinary bladder

What are the functions of the kidney

1)filtration of blood, 2)excretion of fluid waste products, 3)maintenance of salt and water balance in body tissues, 4) regulation of an acid-based balance

Renal papilla

The tip of the renal pyramid that projects into the funnel-shaped opening of a minor calyx

Bowman’s capsule

Double walled membrane encasing the glomerulus

Rugae

Folds that form in the urinary bladder when it is empty