PRE AP CHEM CHEMISTRY FOR BREAKFAST CONCISE

Where is melatonin produced?

In the pineal gland, located in the middle of the brain.

What does melatonin regulate?

Sleep in humans and wakefulness in nocturnal animals.

What hormone helps us wake up and is known as the stress hormone?

Cortisol.

Which gland releases adrenaline?

The adrenal gland.

What does ACTH do?

Directs the fight-or-flight response, acting as a commander.

What are the main side effects of the fight-or-flight response?

Faster heart rate, more blood flow to muscles, reduced digestion, dilated pupils, sweating, goosebumps, heightened awareness.

What is every substance on Earth made of?

Particles.

How do particles move in solids, liquids, and gases?

Solids: barely move; liquids: move more freely; gases: move randomly anywhere.

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

Heat always flows from hot to cold, never the other way.

What are atoms made of?

Protons, neutrons, electrons.

What determines the type of element?

The number of protons.

What determines an atom’s chemical temperament?

Number of valence electrons.

What is the octet rule?

Atoms tend to have 8 electrons in their outer shell.

What is an ion?

An atom with a charge from losing or gaining electrons.

What are polymers made of?

Monomers.

What do bacteria in the mouth convert sugars into?

Acids.

Is human skin hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Hydrophobic.

What is a micelle?

Hydrophobic tails face inward, hydrophilic heads outward.

What is another name for fat?

Triglyceride.

What diseases are linked to sedentary lifestyle?

Cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, depression.

What percentage of global deaths are caused by NCDs?

71%.

What does reproducibility mean in science?

Being able to reproduce results with different participants.

What effect explains much of medicine’s effectiveness?

The placebo effect.

What does blinding mean in experiments?

Participants don’t know which treatment they’re getting.

What is air mainly composed of?

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen.

How does temperature affect gas volume?

Colder = less space, hotter = more space.

What are the noble gases?

Helium, neon, argon, krypton, radon, oganesson.

What are the three main areas of chemistry?

Organic, inorganic, physical.

What does organic chemistry focus on?

Carbon, its compounds and reactions.

What does inorganic chemistry focus on?

All elements except carbon.

What is oxidation?

Reaction involving oxygen.

What happens when fats oxidize?

They turn rancid and inedible.

What are enzymes?

Proteins that catalyze reactions in the body.

What suffix do most enzyme names end with?

-ase.

What obstructs many enzymes?

Acid.

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

Ionic, covalent, metallic.

How do ionic bonds work?

One atom gives electrons to another.

How do covalent bonds work?

Atoms share electrons.

Why are metals good conductors?

Free-moving electrons.

What causes odors?

Volatile molecules.

Which molecule causes the rotten egg smell in farts?

Hydrogen sulfide.

What is the stinkiest molecule known?

Thioacetone.

What compounds in antiperspirants block sweat?

Aluminum salts.

What creates hydrogen bonds?

Attraction between partial positive and negative charges.

Why is water essential for life?

It’s a universal solvent; all metabolic processes occur in watery solutions.

What is the pH of gastric acid?

1.

What molecule in cocoa resembles caffeine?

Theobromine.

Why is chocolate toxic to dogs?

They metabolize theobromine slowly.

What is oxytocin’s nickname?

The “cuddle hormone.”

What toxic product forms when ethanol is oxidized?

Acetaldehyde, a DNA-damaging mutagen.