Ch.20: Gram - Bacilli

04/01/2025- Finished flashcard set ~ X

Where would Aerobic and Non-enteric pathogens be found?

In the soil, water, respiratory system, and zoonotic situations.

Do the gram - bacilli form endospores?

No, they do not form endospores.

Are all the gram - bacilli covered true pathogens?

No, they are not all true pathogens.

Regarding pseudomonas, are they motile? Are they coliforms? and where do they commonly contaminate?

• Is motile

• Not coliforms

• Commonly contaminates standard households

where would pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly inhabit? What household products could aid in causing a skin infection due to this pathogen? Can they cause nosocomial infections? Are they a problem with respiratory equipment in hospitals?

• Commonly inhabits soil and water

• Household products like sponges and loofas could aid in causing a skin infection.

• Can cause nosocomial infections in hosts with burns, pneumonia (cystic fibrosis), and UTIs.

• Frequent problem pathogen with respiratory equipment.

What kind of infections can pseudomonas aeruginosa cause in healthy individuals? what odor is given off? What pigment is produced and describe it’s color? Is it easy to treat with drugs?

• Infections seen in healthy individuals are rashes, UTIs, and external ear infections from hot tubs or swimming pools.

• Grapelike odor.

• Pyocyanin (greenish-blue pigment).

• No, as it is multidrug resistant.

Which species of Brucella are common to animals like cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep?

• Brucella abortus

• Brucella suis

• Brucella melitinsis

Which species of Brucella causes human brucellosis? how is it transmitted?

Brucella melitnsis is most pathogenic to humans. Transmission occurs through eating raw meat or dairy products, inhalation of bacteria, and skin wounds

What is the characteristic symptom of human brucellosis? what causes this? What is one way of preventing zoonotic diseases?

characteristic symptoms:

• Fever (undulant; comes and goes- weeks to year)

• Chills

• Sweating

• Headache

• Myalgia

• Weight loss

Causes due to a zoonosis transmitted to humans from infected animals.

Zoonotic diseases can be prevented by vaccinating animals.

How is Brucella specifically transmitted to humans? Which is most common?

Most Commonly transmitted by eating undercooked meat or consuming unpasteurized/raw dairy products. Other forms include inhalation of bacteria and skin wounds.

Where can Brucellosis localize?

It can localize in the mammary glands, which aids in the important of dairy product pasteurization.

What kind of infection would result from occupational hazards of handling infected animals?

Brucellosis

Is Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) a zoonotic disease?

Yes, it is a zoonotic disease.

Which animals are of concern in the U.S. regarding Francisella tularensis? How is it acquired?

Rabbits

Acquired through:

• Tick or flea bite

• Skin contact with infected animals

• Ingestion of contaminated water, lab, inhalation of dust of aerosols

• NOT from person to person

What symptoms results from infection from skin contact with infected animals with Tularemia? Is this disease a concern for the CDC as a potential bioterrorism agent?

Symptoms:

• Headache

• Backache

• Fever (104F)

• Chills

• Malaise

• Weakness

• Skin ulcer

• Swollen glands

• Painful eyes

• Sore throat

Is considered a disease of concern for the CDC.

What disease is caused by Bordetella pertussis? What is it an infection of? How is it transmitted?

Causes Whooping Cough. It is an infection of the respiratory system. It is transmitted through direct contact or inhalation of aerosols.

Who are reservoirs for Bordetella pertussis? What age group is most affected? How are severe cases prevented?

Healthy carriers

Age group most affected are those between birth and 4 yrs of age.

Severe cases prevented by DTaP vaccine. Specific name is Pertussis vaccine.

What happens with whopping cough in terms of expelling damaged ciliated epithelial cells?

An increase of mucous production happens along with damage to ciliated epithelial cells. Because of that, you have more of a need to cough and expel cells but are unable to do so effectively because of the damaged cells.

What is occurring during the catarrhal phase and paroxysmal stages of Whooping Cough (Bordetella pertussis)? Which phase is more contagious? Which phase shows more cold-like symptoms? Which phase expresses the characteristic symptoms of Whooping Cough?

SX/SN RESEMBLNG A COLD DURING CATARRHAL PHASE. DURING PAROXYSMAL STAGE, UNCONTROLLED COUGHING FITS THAT OCCUR SUDDENLY.

Catarrhal phase the most contagious and most like to show more cold-like symptoms.

Paroxysmal phase expresses characteristic symptoms.

What vaccine is given to prevent whooping cough? Should parents get vaccinated even if they have never had whooping cough?

Vaccine given to prevent this disease is DTaP.

Parents should be vaccinated against this disease even if they have never contacted it.

What 2 diseases are caused by Legionella pneumophilia? Where did it get its name?

Legionnaires disease & Pontiac fever

Name acquired from a 1976 epidemic of pneumonia afflicting 200 American Legion members attending a convention.

What age group is more affected by Legionella pneumophilia? In what environment is this bacterium distributed? What organism lives in close association?

Prevalent in males over 50yrs of age.

Widely distributed in water. EX:

• Cooling towers

• Evaporative coolers

• Spas

• Moist showers

• Supermarket vegetable sprayers

Lives in close association with amoebas.

How is Legionella pneumophilia transmitted? Which disease is more severe?

Transmitted airborne- NOT person to person

Legionaries pneumonia is more severe.

In what environments are Enterobacteriaceae found? What is their role in causing nosocomial infections?

Many members inhabit soil, water, decaying matter, and are common occupants of the large bowel of animals including humans.

Accounts for almost 50% of nosocomial infections.

What are the two divisions of Enterobacteriaceae? What substance is being fermented in these divisions?

Divided into:

• Coliforms (Lactose fermenters)

• Non-Coliforms (NON- lactose fermenters)

All of them ferment glucose but Coliforms ferment lactose specifically.

What kind of media is used to screen samples for pathogens? What are enterics?

Media: Enrichment, selective, and differential media utilized for screening samples. Enterics are organisms which occupy the digestive tract.

Know the names correlating with locations of inflammation.

Stomach- Gastritis

Small intestine- Enteritis

Large intestine- Colitis

What is a disease caused by enterics? What is the symptom of the disease?

Gastroenteritis. SX: Diarrhea.

What do enterotoxins cause in terms of diseases?

Toxigenic disease. EX. Cholera and some types of E.coli and Shigella.

What do exoenzymes cause in terms of diseases?

Invasive disease. Causes bloody diarrhea. EX. Salmonella, Shigella, E.coli, Campylobacter, Entamoeba histolytica.

Which is more invasive? Enterotoxin toxigenic disease or Exoenzyme invasive disease?

Exoenzyme invasive disease.

How prevalent is E.coli? Where is it located? Is it fastidious? What diseases can it cause?

Most prevalent enteric bacillus. Located in GI tract and is non-fastidious. Can causes diseases such as:

• Gastroenteritis

• Septicemia

• Pneumonia

• Meningitis

• Endocarditis

• UTI

How does E.coli contribute to the number of UTI cases?

50-80% of UTI cases

What are coliform counts an indicator of?

Used as an indicator of fecal contamination in water

Is E.coli a primary pathogen or mainly opportunistic? How are pathogenic strains differentiated from one another?

Mainly opportunistic. Differentiated on the basis of antigens (H, K and O Serotyping).

How are infantile and traveler’s diarrhea acquired? Why is pepto-bismol used in infantile? What is it acting on?

Acquired through contaminated food or water. Pepto-Bismol used since it counteracts enterotoxin.

How are urinary tract infections acquired?

Acquired from own normal flora or nosocomial.

What contaminated material is ingested that results in bloody diarrheal illness?

Contaminated material from contaminated meat that is not properly cooked.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) can lead to what type of failure? What is the cause of its pathogenicity?

Can lead to kidney damage and failure. Pathogenicity due to new toxins picked up from shigella.

What symptoms are caused by an infection of E.Coli: Serotype O157:H7? How is it transmitted? What kind of toxin is produced?

Symptoms:

• Bloody diarrhea

• UTI

• Septicemia

• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

Transmission, through consumption of:

• undercooked ground beef

• unpasteurized milk

• fruit juice contaminated with feces.

Toxin produced:

• Shiga-like toxin

How do you prevent infections that lead to diarrhea?

Avoid contaminated water and raw vegetables. Drink bottled water or boil water. Do a coliform count of water sources.

Where is Klebsiella pneumonia found? What can it cause?

Found in the intestines and respiratory tract. Can cause nosocomial pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, wound infections, and UTIs.

What is the color and name of the pigment produced by Serratia marcescen?

Red pigment- Prodigiosin

Which species of Salmonella is the most serious species? What does it cause? How is it acquired? What kind of damage is caused to the small intestine?

Salmonella enterica. Causes typhoid fever. Acquired through contaminated water or food, close contact, carriers. Ulcerations and hemorrhage with perforation of small intestine can occur.

Who was Typhoid Mary? What was her occupation? What is removed from carriers?

A cook in households during early 1900s. Gallbladder is sometimes removed from carriers.

What primary animals should precaution be made when handling to prevent animal salmonella? What are a couple of ways to prevent infection?

Primary animals:

• Cattle

• Poultry

• Rodents

• Reptiles

• Animal

• Dairy products

Ways to prevent infection:

• Cook chicken well

• Use clean utensils

• Wash hands

• Avoid foods w/ raw eggs

• Never use cracked eggs

• follow CDC recommendations for cooking eggs

Does perforation occur in the intestine with Shigellosis (Bacterial dysentery)? What is produced?

Does not perforate intestine or invade blood. Exotoxins are produced, instigating severe inflammation & ulceration of small intestine & colon.

What is the name of the toxin produced by the Shigella genus? Is this similar to what is seen in E. coli O157:H7?

Shiga toxin. It is similar to what is seen in E. coli O157:H7.

Shigella dysenteriae causes? What symptoms occur?

Causes bacterial dysentery or shigellosis.

Symptoms:

• Large intestine invaded causing inflammation of lining, degeneration of villi, and bleeding/heavy mucus.

• Fever

• Abdominal cramps

• Pain

What does Yersinia enterocolitica cause? The infection can mimic what?

Causes enterocolitis. Infection can mimic appendicitis.

What are the 2 clinical manifestations of Yersinia pestis? What animal population is Yersinia pestis found in? What infect vectors the disease?

Bubonic plague and pneumonic plague, which can progress into septicemic plague. Found in rodents and fleas can vector the disease.

What are the different symptoms and acquisition of Yersinia pestis infection manifestations?

• Necrosis

• Swelling called a bubo in groin or axilla

• Bacteremia

• Intravascular coagulation subcutaneous hemorrhage

• purpura

• fever

• chills prostration

• abdominal pain

• shock

• bleeding into skin and other organs

Which yesenia genus is the most fatal? which is transmitted from human to human?

Pneumonic yersinia pestis is the most fatal and is transmitted from human to human.

What does haemophilus influenzae cause? What is the name of the vaccine used to prevent this disease? What strain does it target?

Causes acute bacterial meningitis. HiB vaccine used to prevent this disease. Targets haemophillus influenza strain B.

What kind of disease is caused by haemophilus ducreyi? What is the characteristic symptom? Is it painful or painless?

Causes chancroid. characteristic symptom is a localized venereal infection. Very painful.

What communicable disease is caused by haemophilus aegypticus?

Conjunctivitis and acute communicable conjunctivitis (pink eye)