Psychological Assessment Review Flashcards

Comprehensive Question and Answer flashcards covering psychological assessment principles, psychometric properties, statistical techniques, intelligence and personality tests, ethics, and relevant Philippine laws.

What is the key difference in focus between psychological testing and psychological assessment?

Psychological testing focuses on a nomothetic approach to quantify a construct, whereas psychological assessment focuses on an idiographic approach to answer a referral question.

What is Ecological Momentary Assessment?

An "in the moment" evaluation of specific problems and related cognitive and behavioral variables at the very time and place that they occur.

What is Classical Test Theory's basic formula for an observed test score?

$X = T + E$, where $X$ is the observed score, $T$ is the true score, and $E$ is the error.

How do random error and systematic error differ in measurement?

Random error is caused by unpredictable fluctuations and is unavoidable, whereas systematic error is typically constant or proportionate to the true value and is avoidable if corrected.

What is the difference between Parallel Forms and Alternate Forms?

In parallel forms, the means and the variances of observed test scores are equal across forms, whereas alternate forms are simply different versions constructed to be parallel without strictly equalized means and variances.

Which internal consistency formula is used exclusively for dichotomously scored items with varying degrees of item difficulty?

Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR20)

What is the Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula used to estimate?

It estimates how many more items are needed in order to achieve a target reliability coefficient.

What interrater reliability statistic is used for agreement between two raters on nominal data?

Cohen's Kappa

What is the formula for Lawshe's Content Validity Ratio (CVR)?

$CVR = \frac{N_e - \left(\frac{N}{2}\right)}{\frac{N}{2}}$, where $N_e$ is the number of experts deeming an item essential, and $N$ is the total number of experts.

What is the distinction between Concurrent Validity and Predictive Validity?

Concurrent validity collects test scores and criterion measures at approximately the same time, while predictive validity collects test scores at one point in time and criterion measures at a later point in time.

What type of validity analysis matrix is depicted in this image, used to evaluate convergent and discriminant validity simultaneously?

Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix (MTMM)

In a Multi-trait Multi-method Matrix (MTMM), what do Monomethod-monotrait correlations represent?

They represent the reliability of each measure (Reliability Diagonal) and should be the highest correlations in the entire matrix.

For an observed score of $75$ and an SEM of $3$, what are the lower and upper bounds of a $68\%$ confidence interval?

Lower bound = $72$ ($75 - 1 \times 3$), Upper bound = $78$ ($75 + 1 \times 3$); Range = $72\text{--}78$.

What are the four levels of measurement scales, listed in order from basic to most informative?

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio.

What statistical distributions are shown in this diagram, comparing the position of mean, median, and mode?

Positive Skew, Symmetrical Distribution, and Negative Skew.

In a positively skewed distribution, what is the relative order of the mean, median, and mode?

$$\text{mean} > \text{median} > \text{mode}$$

What three types of kurtosis are represented in this comparison chart?

Leptokurtic, Normal (Mesokurtic), and Platykurtic Distributions.

What are the population mean and standard deviation for a T-score?

Mean = $50$, Standard Deviation = $10$.

What is the Item-Difficulty Index ($p$) formula?

$p = \frac{R}{T}$, where $R$ is the number of examinees who answered correctly, and $T$ is the total number of examinees who attempted the item.

What is the formula for calculating the optimal level of item difficulty ($p$) taking guessing into account?

$p = \frac{1 + c}{2}$, where $c$ is the chance of success proportion.

What is the Item-Discrimination Index ($D$) formula?

$D = \frac{R_H - R_L}{N}$, where $R_H$ is the number of correct responses in the high-scoring group, $R_L$ is the number of correct responses in the low-scoring group, and $N$ is the size of one group.

In signal detection and decision theory, what outcome does this matrix illustrate when an effect exists and is correctly observed?

Hit (True Positive)

Under RA 10029 (The Philippine Psychology Act of 2009), what scope of testing activities can a Registered Psychometrician perform?

Administering and scoring objective personality tests and structured personality tests (excluding Level C projective tests), interpreting their results, preparing written reports, and conducting preparatory intake interviews.

What is the Flynn Effect?

The progressive rise in intelligence test scores that occurs across populations over time relative to when a test was first normed.

What are the five Primary Index Scores measured in the WAIS-V?

Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Visual-Spatial Index (VSI), Fluid Reasoning Index (FRI), Working Memory Index (WMI), and Processing Speed Index (PSI).

What are the five CHC factor domains measured in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB-5)?

Fluid Reasoning (FR), Knowledge (K), Quantitative Reasoning (QR), Visuo-Spatial Processing (VsP), and Working Memory (WM).

What type of score interpretation cutoff is used in the MCMI-III and MCMI-IV?

Base Rate (BR) scores, where BR $\ge 75$ indicates the presence of a trait/disorder, and BR $\ge 85$ indicates prominence.

In the MMPI-2, what does a clinical scale T-score threshold of $65$ or higher signify?

It is considered clinically significant, indicating a deviation from the norm that may reflect psychopathology.

Which six-factor model of personality structure is illustrated in this diagram?

HEXACO Model of Personality Traits

What major differences between the HEXACO and OCEAN models are outlined in this comparison table?

The HEXACO model contains six factors with the addition of Honesty-Humility, emphasizes fear and anxiety in Emotionality (E), and focuses on patience and forgiveness in Agreeableness (A), whereas OCEAN has five factors with Neuroticism (N) covering broader instability and a different Agreeableness scope.

What are the 7 key domains of a Mental Status Examination (MSE)?

Appearance and Behavior, Speech, Mood and Affect, Thought Process and Content, Perception, Cognition, and Insight and Judgment.

What is the difference between Mood and Affect in a Mental Status Examination?

Mood is the patient's subjective, self-reported emotional state, whereas Affect is the clinician's objective observation of the patient's emotional expression.

What is the Rosenthal (or Pygmalion) Effect in assessment?

An examiner expectancy effect where the administrator's expected results subtly influence the actual outcome or performance of the test taker.

How is the Selection Ratio calculated in utility analysis?

$$\text{Selection Ratio} = \frac{\text{number of hired candidates}}{\text{total number of candidates}}$$

What are the four General Ethical Principles outlined in the code for psychologists and psychometricians?

Principle I: Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples; Principle II: Competent Caring for the Well-Being of Persons and Peoples; Principle III: Integrity; Principle IV: Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society.