types of learning

unit 3

classical conditioning

proposed by ivan pavlov

classical conditioning

learning through association

classical conditioning

a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, creating a conditioned response

classical conditioning

a type of passive learning (meaning that it does not involve thinking)

classical condition step 1

you need a unconditional relationship

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

unconditioned response

the natural, unlearned reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

classical conditioning step 2

find a neutral stimulus and then present it to the unconditioned stimulus repeatedly

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that initially does not trigger any significant response

classical conditioning step 3

after a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus to the unconditioned stimulus

association

aka acquisition, is the process where two stimuli become linked together in the mind, leading to ________ learning

classical conditioning step 4

we know associative learning takes place when the previously neutral stimulus elicits a response

associative learning

occurs when an individual learns that certain events occur together

conditioned stimulus

a previous neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after association with the unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus

becomes the conditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

becomes the conditioned response

habituation

decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure/aka adaption in sensation. involves a diminishing response to a familiar repetitive stimulus

operant conditioning

preposed and studied by B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning

the leaner is not passive (meaning that this learning is not automatic and involves active thinking)

operant conditioning

the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. also relies on the association between a behavior and its consequence

reinforcement

any event that strengthens or increases the frequency of a behavior

positive reinforcement

presented with a pleasant stimulus after behavior, this increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

negative reinforcement

involves removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior. this decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

punishment

any event that weakens or decreases the frequency of a behavior

positive punishment

involves presenting an unpleasant stimulus after behavior. this decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

negative punishment

involves removing a pleasant stimulus after a behavior, decreasing the likelihood of that behavior being repeated

learned helplessness

a type of operant conditioning

learned helplessness

occurs when an individual is exposed to uncontrollable events leading to the perception of powerlessness and failure, even if the opportunity to avoid are available

shaping

a type of operant conditioning

shaping

successive approximations of a desired behavior are reinforced. rewarding behavior that is closer to desired behavior until target behavior is achieved.

instinctive drift

a type of operant conditioning

instinctive drift

tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response

schedules of reinforcement

refers to the timing and pattern of delivery

continuous reinforcement

every occur of the behavior is rewarded

partial reinforcement

only some occurrence of the behavior is rewarded

fixed ratio

reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of response

variable ratio

reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of response, varying on average

fixed interval

reinforcement is delivered for the first response after a fixed time

variable interval

reinforcement is delivered for the first response after an unpredictable time interval, varying on average