BIO124 Chapter 3 Study Goals Vocabulary

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards derived from Dr. Katsha's BIO124 Chapter 3 study goals, covering cell structure, transport, genetic processes, and organelle functions.

Phospholipid bilayer

The specific structure that, along with proteins, makes up the cell membrane.

Proteins

Structural components of the cell membrane that work with the phospholipid bilayer.

Active transport

A type of transport across the cell membrane that requires energy.

Passive transport

A type of transport across the cell membrane that does not require energy.

Simple diffusion

A transport process where specific molecules move across the membrane without the aid of a protein.

Diffusion through a channel protein

A transport process that allows molecules to pass through the cell membrane via a channel protein.

Carrier-mediated transport

A transport process that uses carrier proteins to move molecules across the membrane.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a membrane, driven by a solute concentration gradient.

Solute concentration gradient

A difference in solute concentration used to predict the direction of water flow during osmosis.

Hypotonic

A type of solution that causes specific changes to a cell placed in it based on relative concentration.

Isotonic

A solution in which a cell maintains its state because the concentration is balanced.

Hypertonic

A solution that causes a cell to change state due to its higher solute concentration.

Sodium/potassium pump

A specific active transport mechanism that moves ions across the cell membrane.

Endocytosis

The cellular process of bringing substances into the cell.

Exocytosis

The cellular process of releasing substances from the cell.

Resting membrane potential

The electrical potential established across the cell membrane, influenced by potassium ions ($K^+$).

Potassium ions

The ions ($K^+$) that play a key role in establishing the resting membrane potential.

Nucleus

The cell structure that houses organized DNA and is surrounded by its own membrane.

Chromatin

A form of DNA organization within the nucleus.

Chromosome

A form of DNA organization within the nucleus.

Gene

A unit within DNA that has a critical relationship with the synthesis of proteins.

Transcription

The process of producing an RNA sequence from a sequence of DNA nucleotides.

Translation

The process of protein synthesis that involves mRNA and ribosomes.

mRNA

A molecule that plays a crucial role in translation with ribosomes.

Ribosomes

The organelles where translation occurs and proteins are synthesized.

Mitosis

A stage in the cell cycle involving nuclear division.

Cytokinesis

The phase of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm divides.

Cell cycle

The sequence of steps, including mitosis and cytokinesis, that a cell goes through to divide.

Cytoskeleton

An organelle that provides the internal framework for a cell.

Microvilli

Structures identified for labeling and function on a cell diagram.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

An organelle characterized by the presence of ribosomes and its role in protein processing.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A cellular organelle distinct from the RER with its own specific functions.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle responsible for sorting and packaging proteins.

Lysosomes

Organelles that function as the cell's digestive and waste disposal system.

Peroxisomes

Organelles involved in metabolic reactions and detoxification.

Mitochondria

The 'powerhouse' organelles responsible for energy production.